Gujarat Board Solutions Class 9 Social Science Chapter 4 National Movements of India

Gujarat Board Solutions Class 9 Social Science Chapter 4 National Movements of India

GSEB Solutions Class 9 Social Science Chapter 4 National Movements of India

National Movements of India Class 9 GSEB

→ During the 100 years of rule the English residing in India established such a law and administration that they made England prosperous and exploited India the most.

→ Reasons of the Great National uprising of 1857: Some of the factors that caused the uprising of 1857 were political dissatisfaction, economic exploitation, social and religious factors, military factor and immediate reasons like induction of the Enfield Rifle in the army.

→ Mangal Pandey was the first martyr of the uprising. The reasons responsible for the failure of the 1857 uprising are the beginning of the uprising before the planned time, lack of central leadership, insufficient and unsophisticated weapons, importance of self-centered interests than nationalism amongst revolutionaries, lack of suitable and organized leadership etc.

→ Boycott and Indigenuous Movements:- Viceroy Curzon divided the vast Bengal Province into East Bengal and West Bengal, in the name of bringing about administrative efficiency.

→ The real reason was the divide the Hindus and the Muslims.

→ Partition of Bengal was enforced on 16th October, 1905. The day of participation was observed as the day of national mourning.

The movement has three major characteristics:

• Adoption of indigenous goods
• Boycott of foreign goods
• Adoption of national education

→ It was believed that the boycott of the foreign goods will benefit Indian Industries.

→ The huge economic loss caused by the boycott forced the British Parliament to reconsider the decision on partitions in 1911.

→ Thus was the noteworthy victory of the new awakening against the English rule.

→ The Religious head of the Muslim Agakhan Nawab of Dhaka Salimulla Khan Governor General Lord MInto encouraged the establishment of the All India Muslim League in 1906.

→ Many writers considered split in Hindu-Muslim unity in 1906 led to the eventual partition of India in 1947.A

→ Birth and Development of Revolutional movements

→ Revolutionary activity in India was started by Vasudev Balwant Phadke. The other revolutionaries were Damodar Chaphekar and Balkrishna Chaphekar brothers, Vir Savarkar, Baarindranath Ghosh, Khudiram Bose, Praful Chaki, Ramprasad ‘Bismil’, Asfaqullakhan, Chandrashekhar Azad Bhagatsingh, Shivram Raj guru, Sukhdev, Batukeshwar Dutt, Roshansingh etc.

→ The Indian National Congress was divided into two groups Jahal and Maval at the Congress Conference in Surat and the terrific opposition to practice of Congress of making only resoulutions and requests.

→ Lal-Bal-Pal trio adopted the radical attitude which brought new life in the young Indian activists.

→ Tilak had declared that “Freedom is my birthright and I shal have it.”. This became the maxim for the freedom fighters.

→ Revolutionaiy activities spread in Maharashtra, Bengal, Punjab, Bihar, Orissa, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madras province, Uttarpradesh and Central India.

→ In the first stage newspapers and magazines like ‘Yugantar’, ‘Navshakti’ and ‘Vandematram’, ‘Kesari’, ‘Maratha’ gave constant strength to the activites.

→ In the second stage events like ‘Kakori Loot case’, ‘Lahore massacre’ and dropping of bomb on Central Parliament took place.

→ Sri Aurobindo Ghosh was the pioneer of armed revolution in Gujarat. But he remained behind the curtain. His brother Baarindrakumar Ghosh always remained in the forefromt.

→ He arrived in Gujarat and moved towards the southern part.

→ Shri Chotubhai and Shri Ambubhai Purani, Shakaria Swami were his companions.

→ The revolutionary movement spread outside India. Many out side Indians formed organization to support revolutionary activities and express resentment against the British rule in India.

→ The English adopted the policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ to create enmity between Hindus and Muslims. Under the leadership of Agakhan, Muslim delegation met Viceroy Minto. Morley was the Indian Vizier at that time. These reforms are known as Morley-Minto reforms.

→ After successfully fighting against racism in South Africa Gandhiji returned to India.

→ Gandhiji travelled across India and observed the life of Indians. He considered exploitation as the root of poverty in India and made plans to abolish British rule in India.

→ The Rowlatt act was framed with the purpose of suppressing revolutionaries and nationalists.

→ This act came to be known as ‘Black Act’ because it was meant to suppress individual freedom and freedom of speech.

→ In the public meeting at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar General Dyer reached with his troops and without any warning, opened fire on innocent people from the machine gun.

→ Number of people lost their lives in firing. After this inhuman act, Gandhiji lost his faith towards British.

→ The sultan of Turkey had entered the first world war on the side of Germany. Turkey was defeated in the war and many unjust conditions were imposed. The Sultan was the head of the Muslims. Movement in India, to oppose the strict terms imposed on Turky and the Sultan, started. This came to be known as Khilafat movement.

→  Gandiji launched the Non-Cooperation movement in 1920. It comprised of some negative and some constructive programmes. During this movement a violent incident took place at Chauri- Chaura in 1922. In which 21 policemen were burnt alive. Thus Gandhiji suspended the non¬cooperation movement.

→ With the purpose of retaining the national awareness among people, Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swarajya Party.

→ This party contested elections to central and Provincial legislatures in 1923.

→ It secured majority of seats in some provinces.

→ It performed remarkable work. However after the death of Chittranjan Das party became weak.

Gujarat Board Class 9 Social Science National Movements of India Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Answer the following question pointwise:

Question 1.
Discuss the nature and effects of boycott agitation and national movements.
Answer:

1. Boycott and indigenous movement along with Bangbhang Movement was one of the important events of the Indian National Movements.
2. Because of the ‘Divide and Rule’ policy as result of the Britisher’s Machiavellian policies, boycott and indigenous movement get impetus.
3. Viceroy Curzon divided the vast Bengal Province into East Bengal and West Bengal, in the name of bringing about administrative efficiency.
4. When Bengal was divided on 16th October in 1905, the whole Bengal observed the day as ‘National Mourning Day’.
5. On the same day, announcement about boycotting all foreign goods and encouragement to use indigenous goods was made.
6. This movement had three major characteristics:
   • Adopt indigenous products
   • Boycott of foreign goods
   • Adopt national education.

Result of boycott movement:

1. India benefited a lot due fo this Swadeshi Movement, but the English Industry was badly affected.
2. The cloth coming from Manchester stopped.
3. Sugar, shoes, cigarettes, tobacco etc. imported from England also reduced and the sale of cloth made in India, increased.
4. Factories for making indigenous goods were started.
5. The effect of the Movement was felt in other provinces of India like Punjab,
   Utttar Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh, Bombay (Mumbai), Madras etc.
6. The echo of the movement was also felt strongly in the British Parliament and just within six years in 1911, the division of Bengal was scrapped after a rethinking by the Parliament.

Question 2.
Growth and development of fierce revolutionary movements. Discuss.
Answer:
Revolutionary Movement:

1. The revolutionary activity in Indian was started by Vasudev Balvant Phadke.
2. Revolutionaries like Damodar Chaphekar, and Balkrishana Chaphekar brothers, Vir Savarkar, Baarindranath Ghosh, Khudiram Bose, Praful Chaki, Ramprasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Raj guru, Sukhdev, Batukeshwar Dutt, etc. carried on the torch of nationalism.
3. Youth trained in making and using weapons were a constant threat for the English Government.
4. In Surat, congress conference in 1907 two groups ‘JahaT and ‘Maval’ were formed.
5. Lal-Bal-Pal trio adopted the radical attitude which brought new life in the young Indian activists.
6. Lokmanya Tilak declared ‘Freedom is my Birthright and I will achieve in anyhow’. This became maxim for the revolutionary freedom fighters.
7. Indian youth undertook activities to seek freedom from foreign rule.
8. They could give their lives to attain freedom.
9. This activities were spread in Maharashtra, Bengal, Punjab, Bihar, Orissa, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madras Province, Uttar Pradesh and central India.
10. Mitramela Society, Abhinav Bharat Samaj, Anushilan Samiti, Anjuman-e-Muhillane Vatan, Indian Patriots Association etc. and thus gave impetus to revolutionary activities.
11. Newspapers and magazines gave constant strength to the activities.
12. Several revolutionaries were arrested in ‘Howrah massacre’ and ‘Dhaka massacre4 were arrested.
13. Attempts to kill Lord Hardinge by throwing a bomb; dropping bomb on Viceroy Minto on November 13, 1909 outside Raipur Darwaja in Ahmedabad can all be given as an example of these.
14. During 1929-42 events like ‘Kakori Loot Case’, ‘Lahore massacre’ and dropping of bomb on Central Parliament took place.

Question 3.
Explain the programmes, events and effects of Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:
Programmes for Non-cooperation Movement.

1. Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore surrendered their titles ‘Kaiser-e-Hind’ and ‘Knighthood honour’ respectively.
2. Other leaders of the nation also gave up their titles and positions.
3. Students left English schools and colleges.
4. At various places, foreign clothes were set on fire.
5. Duke of Kainatt came to India, he was boycotted.
6. National schools and colleges were established.
7. To make this movement unsuccessful and to break the unity of Hindi-Muslim, Government supported the policy of suppression.

Effect of Non-Co-operation Movement:

1. The Nagpur Conference gave the approval to Non-Co-operation movement in December 1920.
2. Hindu-Muslims were united.
3. More than one crore rupees was collected in the Tilak Fund.
4. The Congress made a strong demand for independence of India (Swarajya) instead of self-government.
5. Chauri-Chaura incident look place in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, Where people attacked the police station and set on fire in which 21 policemen died.
6. On receiving this horrible news, Gandhiji suspended the Movement immediately.

Effect of the movement:

1. This Movement did not achieve its desired aims, not through its negative and constructive aspect, managed to generate in people, awareness of their injustice.
2. There was a political awareness among all the classes of India.
3. The faith in independence became stronger.
4. The fear of lathi, punishment and imprisonment was removed.
5. The youth and women too came forward to
   serve their nation and the Congress became an organization of the people.
6. Schools giving national education began.
7. Hindi started getting more importance than English.
8. The Movement that was limited to cities and towns and intellectuals spread to the people and village.

2. Write Short Notes:

Question 1.
Revolutionary movements in foreign countries
Answer:

1. Revolutionary movements began in foreign countries also giving freedom to India from the British.
2. The revolutionary activities that began in India spread to different countries like England, Canada, America, Germany, France, Myanmar, Malaya, Singapore, Afghanistan, Russia.
3. Syamji Krishna Verma, Madanlal Dhingra, Vir Savarkar, Lala Hardayal, Udham Singh, Raja Mahendra, Pratap, Madam Bhikhaji Cama, Sardar Singh Rana, Maulana Abdulla, Maulana Basir, Charmpak Raman Pillai, Dr. Mathur Singh ‘Khudabaksh’ were associated with their activities.
4. The revolutionary activities in the foreign countries gave impetus to the revolutionary activities in India.
5. Pistols were being secretly sent to India from England along with the beddings of cooks.
6. Madanlal Dhingra killed William Wylie who used to criticize the revolutionaries.
7. In 1907, the Indian Independence league was established in California, America, which was later named as ‘Gadar Party’ by Lala Hardayal. A weekly named ‘Gadar’ was published in four languages.
8. Taraknath Das and Kartar Singh too joined this activity.
9. Champak Raman Pillai formed the ‘Hind Rashtriya Swayamsevak Dal’ in Germany, plan was made to attack India by making Iraq as the headquarter.
10. Madam Cama hoisted national flag for the first time in the conference held in Stuttgart, Germany.
11. Raja Mahendra Pratap formed the Provisional Independent Government under ‘Rashtra Pramukh’ in Afghanistan in which Barkatulla, Abidulla, Maulana Bashir, Shamsher Singh, Dr. Mathur Singh etc. also joined. This government made efforts to get help from Russia, Iran, Turkey, etc.
12. Sohanlal Pathak in Burma and Parmanand in Singapore carried on revolutionary activities.
13. In order to obtain freedom for the motherland, to achieve the noble goal of freedom the revolutionaries sacrificed their lives having feeling of patriotism, sacrifice etc.
14. Their sacrifices would provide inspiration to the young generation for ages.

Question 2.
Rowlatt Act
Answer:

1. The British government formed the Rowlatt Act under the Chairmanship of Rowlatt, the Minister of Law in 1919.
2. This Act was formed with the purpose of suppressing revolutionaries and nationalists.
3. This Act came to be known as ‘Black Act’ because it was meant to suppress individual freedom and freedom of speech.
4. According to this Act, any suspicious person could be arrested and jailed, without conducting any trial against him.
5. That’s why Gandhiji called it ‘Black Act’ and Motilal Nehru considered it as ‘snatching away, of argument, appeal and advocacy’.
6. The British government get immense power under this Act to suppress opposition. So leaders and people at large expressed their opposition or protest.
7. Meeting, rallies, shows and strikes were organized against it.
8. Gandhiji was arrested in Delhi.
9. When Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlu were arrested in Punjab, he tried to suppress all opposition.

Question 3.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:
Answer:

1. On 13 March 1919, the public meeting was organized in the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, on the day of Baisakhi, to oppose the arrest of popular leaders like Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlu.
2. General Dyer reached there with his troops and without any warning, opened fire on innocent people from the machine guns.
3. Number of people lost their lives in the firing.
4. According to the government report, 379 people died and 1200 injured.
5. As per the committed appointed by the Congress, 1000 people had died in the firing.
6. ‘Hunter Commission’, investigating the case on behalf of the British Government, defended General Dyer.
7. The Commission forgave Dyer considering it as ‘an innocent mistake that happened unknowingly’.
8. When Dyer returned to England, he was honored with a sword and 2000 pounds.
9. Indians got a terrible shock because of this.
10. After this inhuman act, Gandhiji’s faith towards the British was completely lost.
11. This tragedy became the ground for the future Non-Cooperation Movement.

Question 4.
Swarajya Party
Answer:

1. After the withdrawal of the Non- Cooperation Movement, Chittranjan Das and Motilal Nehru started Swarajya Party with the purpose of retaining the national awareness among people.
2. Their purpose was to enter the legislative assemblies and oppose the unfair policies of the government.
3. The leaders of the Swarajya Party also adopted the constructive activities of Gandhiji like abolition of untouchability, Hindu-Muslim unity, revival of spinning wheel, liquor prohibition etc.
4. Swarajya party contested the election of the legislatures held in November 1923 and the candidates of the Swarajya Party were elected in the central legislature as well as the Provincial Legislature and got clear majority.
5. Motilal Nehru was elected into the Central Legislature as the party leader and Chittranjan Das was elected in the Bengal Province.
6. Swarajya Party disapproved the government budgets and proposals and resented the unjust policies of the government.
7. It compelled the government to consider the problems of the people.
8. Due to the working of the Swarajya Party only, government had to appoint the Simon Commission two years earlier.
9. The Swarajya Party functioned in a disciplined manner and established high parliamentary practices.
10. It proved to the British government that Indians can rule constitutionally and democratically.
11. The educated class of India was thus attracted the Swarajya Party.
12. National awareness re-emerged in the people.
13. The party played a crucial role in bringing the achievement of independence very near.
14. All this indicates the importance of the party.
15. With the death of Chittaranjan Das in June 1925, the Swarajya Party became weak.
16. Some members began supporting the government while others established a new party named the National Party.
17. Thus, the prestige of the Swarajya Party reduced.
18. In the election of 1926, all its members lost terribly except in Madras Province.
19. Bipin Chandra Pal and Surendranath Bannerji even criticized the party strongly.

3. Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
Who divided Bengal? When and why?
Answer:
Lord Curzon divided the Bengal on 16th October 1905 into East Bengal and West Bengal, in the name of bringing about administrative efficiency.

Question 2.
Explain the fierce revolutionary movements in Gujarat.
Answer:
Revolutionary Movement in Gujarat:

1. Sri Aurobindo Ghosh was the pioneer of armed revolution in Gujarat. But he remained behind the curtain.
2. His brother Baarindra Kumar Ghosh remained in the forefront.
3. He arrived in Gujarat and moved towards the southern part. ‘
4. He met Sakaria Swami on the bank of Narmada who was assocaited with Queen of Jhansi.
5. Baarindra Kumar involved some of the middle-class youth from Vadodara, Charotar region, Ahmedabad, Mehsana in the revolution.
6. In this selection, the buggy of Viceroy Minto was bombed outside at Raipur Darwaja in Ahmedabad.
7. Shri Aurobindo Ghosh described the scheme for revolution in his book named ‘Bhavani Mandir’
8. It was also translated into Gujarati and published in the journal ‘Dakshina’.
9. Besides this, booklets with titles like ‘Deshi Vanaspati Davao’, ‘Nahavana Sabu Banavvani Reet’, ‘Kasrat’, ‘Gulab no kisso’, ‘Kayada no Sangrah’ etc. were published in order to spread the through of revolution, so that Britishers won’t understand!
10. These booklets contained methods of preparing bombs.
11. ‘Ganganath Vidyalaya’ was established near Chandod-Kamali, where secret revolutionary activities were carried out.
12. Many Gujarati youth joined these revolutionary activities against whom Stem action was taken by the government.
13. But the fight did not stop and finally government realized that suppression would not help to rale over India.

Question 3.
Why did Gandhiji call Rowlatt Act as ‘Black Law’?
Answer:

1. Rowlatt Act was framed with the purpose of suppressing revolutionaries and nationalists.
2. This Act came to be known as ‘Black Act.’
3. As per this Act, any suspicious person could be arrested and jailed without conducting any trial against him.
4. It was meant to suppress individual freedom and freedom of speech. So Gandhiji called it a Black Act.

Question 4.
Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement suspended?
Answer:

1. People of Chauri-Chaura village in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh took out the rally.
2. The police opened fire on the people.
3. When they ran short of bullets, people attacked the police station and set on fire in which 21 policemen died.
4. On receiving this horrible news, Gandhiji said, ‘I have committed a Himalayan blunder by giving the tool of Satyagraha in the hands of people who do not understand the value of ‘ non-violence’.
5. He suspended the Movement immediately.

Question 5.
Why did the prestige of the Swarajya Party declined?
Answer:
Swarajya Party disapproved the government budgets and proposals and resented the unjust policies of the government.

1. It compelled the government to consider the problems of the people.
2. The Swarajya Party functioned in a disciplined manner and established high parliamentary practices.
3. The Party played a crucial role in bringing the achievement of independence very near.
4. All this indicated the importance of the Party.
5. With the death of Chittaranjan Das in June 1925, the Swarajya Party became weak.
6. Some members began supporting the government while others established a new party named the National Party.
7. Thus, the prestige of the Swarajya Party reduced.

Question 6.
Choose the correct option from those given below:

Question 1.
By what name is the day of partition of Bengal known as?
A. National Mourning Day
B. Banghbhang Day
C. Independent Day
D. None of the above
Answer:
A. National Mourning Day

Question 2.
Which reform gave Muslims, communal electoral constituencies?
A. Mont-Ferd
B. Libert Bill
C. August offer
D. Morley-Minto
Answer:
D. Morley-Minto

Question 3.
Who prepared the stage for armed revolution in Gujarat for the first time?
A. Baarindranath Ghosh
B. Chotubhai Purani
C. Ambubhai Purani
D. Arvind Ghosh
Answer:
D. Arvind Ghosh

Question 4.
Who hoisted the Indian national flag in the foreign land for the first time?
A. Shyamji Krishna Varma
B. Rana Sardarsingh
C. Madam Bhikaiji Cama
D. Madanlal Dhingra
Answer:
C. Madam Bhikaiji Cama

Gujarat Board Class 9 Social Science National Movements of India Additional Important Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why was Viceroy Minto called ‘ Father of Muslim Communalism’?
Answer:

1. Lord Minto became the viceroy of India after Lord Curzon.
2. He started giving favorable treatment to the Muslim.
3. He was successful in convincing the Muslim leaders to form a separate organization and .demand separate communal electorate.
4. With his active support All India Muslim League was established in 1906.
5. Morley-Minto reforms granted separate communal electorates for the Muslims.
6. Therefore, Lord Minto is described as ‘ The Father of Muslim Communalism’.

Question 2.
Why did the Muslim start Khilafat Movement?
Answer:

1. The Sultan of Turkey was Khalifa-Muslim head at the time of First World War.
2. He was defeated in the war.
3. Indian Muslims started the movement in India to oppose the strict terms imposed on Turkey and the Sultan.
4. This is known as Khilafat movement.

Question 3.
Which circumstances were responsible for fierce revolutionary movements in India and spread in the other countries as well?
Answer:
Following circumstances were responsible for the fierce revolutionary movement in India and spread in the other countries as well:

1. The emergence of the radical group within the Congress that advocated agitational methods.
2. The Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon and the anti-partition movement in Bengal.
3. The split in the Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907.

Question 4.
Give a brief idea of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer:

• The Revolt of 1857 was the first revolt raised by Indian to drive away the British from India.
• Factors that caused this revolt included political dissatisfaction, economic exploitation, social and religious factors and military reasons.
• The Indian sepoys were given poor salaries and allowances by the British.
• The conditions of service also made then unhappy.
• The higher posts were reserved for the British army.
• Some of the new rules violated religions sometimes and beliefs of Indian sepoys.
• The revolt’s immediate cause was forcing Indian sepoys to use newly introduced Enfield rifle. The
• British accepted that cartridges were coated with the fets of cows and pigs. Indian sepoys had to tear the cartridge with mouth. Putting meat in mouth was against the religion.
•  Mangal Pandey was the first to oppose the use of this cartridge and then the first Martyr of the Revolt of 1857.
• Several prominent Indians like Nana Saheb, Tatya Tope, Raja Kunwar Singh, Rani Laxmibai, Bahadur Shah Zafar, etc. also took part in the revolt.
• Though the revolt failed, it-brought about several changes in India.
• Change in administrative, military, social and religious policies, end of British Company rule and at last end of British Rule in India in 1947 were among the various effects of this revolt.

Question 5.
Write a note on Muslim League.
Answer:

1. The British adopted the policy of Divide and Rule to break the Hindu-Muslim unity and to create internal enmity and rules easily on the divided communities.
2. To cmsh their unity and rising nationalism, Viceroy Lord Minto and Indian Vizier (i.e. Vazir/Diwan) Morley together made a plan.
3. The English successfully convinced the Muslims that instead of being a part of Indian political organization, they should form a separate organization of Muslims and demand separate voting rights and voting centers.
4. The Muslims got convinced and they formed the Muslim League in 1906.
5. Agah Khan – the religious head of Muslims, Salimulla Khan- the Nawab of Dhaka, Viceroy Minto and his minister Dunlop Smith played an important role in establishing the Muslim League.
6. Muslims organised their conference on the same day as that of Congress in order to avoid attending the Congress conference.
7. Thus, the demand for separate Muslim organisation was not of Muslims but the devil mind of Viceroy Minto.
8. This feeling of division led to the creation of Pakistan too.

Question 6.
Write a note on Khilafat Movement.
Answer:

1. Turkey together with Germany fought the First World War against England and lost it.
2. After the war, England forced Turkey to sign a treaty and captured its many provinces.
3. Turkey was also forced to follow several unjust terms and conditions.
4. The Sultan of Turkey was also the religious head i.e., ‘Khalifa’ of Muslims worldwide.
5. So, the movement started by Indians to protest the unjust terms of British against the Turkey and the Sultan. It came to be known as the Khilafat Movement.
6. Ali brothers namely Maulana Shaukat Ali and Maulana Mohammad Ali were the chief leaders of this Movement.
7. To maintain Hindu-Muslim unity, Gandhiji requested the Congress to support this Movement.
8. The Movement became strong with the support of Congress.

Question 7.
What was the Moplah Revolt? Why was it criticized?
Answer:
Mopiah Revolt:

1. During the Non-Cooperation Movement, a revolt took place between Hindu landlords and Muslim peasants in Malabar district of Kerala.
2. This revolt was known as Moplah Revolt. This revolt was criticised because on one side Hindu-Muslim unity was gaining strength whereas in Malabar, Hindus and Muslims were fighting. This revolt was suppressed by the British.

Question 8.
The root of the partition on India were sown in the Morley-Minto Reforms. Explain.
Answer:
In 1909, British Government announced:

1. According to these reforms, separate communal electorate was formed for Muslims.
2. As a result, communal and provincial elements were encouraged in India.
3. Bitterness between Hindus and Muslims increased day by day.
4. After the establishment of the All India Muslim League, several difference arose between Hindus and Muslims, which finally led to the partition of India.

Question 9.
The roots of Indian independence were sown in the Revolt of 1857. Explain.
Answer:

1. Under the British rule Indian were tortured, exploited and ruined.
2. Indians had no stand and say against the British.
3. There was also a high level of political dissatisfaction, against the British policies.
4. Before the revolt got a great impetus around the country.
5. It made people aware that they should raise their voice against the British rule and free India.
6. As a result of the revolt, the British had to forcibly change its administrative, military, social and religious policies in India.
7. Thus, the revolt and the change in the British approach encouraged people to fight for freedom.
8. Hence, one can say that the roots of Indian independence were sown in the revolt of 1857.

Question 10.
The companionship of two Bengali brothers had put Gujarat on the Indian map of extreme revolutionary movement. Give reason.
Answer:

1. The extreme revolutionary movements in Gujarat were mainly led by two brothers . from Kolkata namely Aurobindo Ghosh and Barindra Ghosh.
2. Both worked at their own capacities for fierce revolution in Gujarat.
3. Barindra Ghosh met several people at Gujarat, gathered middle-class youth and did revolutionary activities.
4. On the other hand, Aurobindo Ghosh, developed schemes for revolution and published various books that contained methods on how to prepare bombs.
5. Many youths from Gujarat got inspired by the activities of these brothers and joined the revolutionary movements.
6. Thus, the companionship of two Bengali brothers put Gujarat on the Indian map of extreme revolutionary movements.

Question 11.
The British had no other choice but to cancel decision of Bengal partition. Give reason.
Answer:

1. Viceroy Curzon divided Bengal into East Bengal and West Bengal with an objective of breaking Hindu-Muslim unity and rising nationalism.
2. People opposed this division strongly and whole Bengal observed ‘National Mourning Day’.
3. To further oppose this division, on the very same day it was announced to boycott all foreign goods and use Swadeshi i.e., indigenous or Indian made goods.
4. Since people started buying swadeshi goods from Indians, people’s economic condition improved.
5. On the other hand, the English industries badly suffered due to boycott of their goods.
6. Import of English goods such as cloth from Manchester, sugar, shoes, cigarettes, tobacco, etc. either stopped or reduced drastically. So the British incurred huge losses.
7. Indian also started factories for producing Swadeshi goods.
8. Looking to gathering strength of people, rise in nationalism and huge losses to the British company, the British had no choice but to cancel the division of Bengal.

Question 12.
Why did Lal-Bal-Pal trio adopt the Jahal attitude or policy? Why were its effects?
Answer:

1. Due to cancellation of the partition of Bengal, the partition of two groups i.e., ‘Jahal’ and ‘Mavah at the Congress Conference in Surat taken place.
2. The terrific opposition to practice of Congress of making only resolutions’ and request.
3. Lal-Bal-Pal trio adopted the radical attitude which brought new life in the young Indian activists.
4. Lethargic policies of the Indian National Congress got a solid new turn.

Question 13.
Non-Cooperation Movement became the source of inspiration for national movement. Justify the statement.
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation movement did not achieve its desired aims, nut through its negative and constructive aspect, managed to generate in people, awareness of their injustice.

1. There was a political awareness among all the classes of India.
2. The faith in independence became stronger.
3. The fear, of lathi, punishment and imprisonment was removed.
4. The youth and women too came forward to serve their nation and Congress became an organization of the people.
5. Schools giving national education began.
6. Hindi started getting more importance than English.

Question 14.
Why did Gandhiji requested support the Khilafat Movement?
Answer:

1. The Sultan of Turkey was Khalifatat the time when he was imprisoned.
2. Muslims of India also started opposing against this arrest.
3. Gandhiji requested the congress to support the Movement keeping in mind Hindu- Muslim unity.
4. The Movement became severe with the Congress support.

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