JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Jammu & Kashmir State Board JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions

INTRODUCTION TO THE CHAPTER

• During the 19th century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe. Consequently, the I nation-states emerged in place of the multinational dynastic empires of Europe.
• The French Revolution took place in 1789 A.D. It led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of the French citizens.
• Napoleon set about introducing many of the reforms that he had already introduced in France, in the regions under the French control. But people of those regions soon began to realise that the new administrative arrangements could not go hand-inhand with the political freedom.
• Ideas of national unity in the early 19th century Europe were closely related to ideology of Liberalism. Liberalism stood for freedom in all spheres-political, social and economic.
• In 1815 A.D., Napoleon was defeated by the combined forces of Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria in the battle of Waterloo. These countries met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. They drew up the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 A.D. with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic era.
• Conservative regimes set up in 1815 A.D. were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent. As a result, several liberal-nationalists went underground. Many secret societies were set up to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. Most of the revolutionaries saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of their struggle for freedom.
• In many regions of Europe, the liberal-nationalists belonging to the educated middle class elite, led the liberal revolutions. An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe, was the Greek War of Independence.
• The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation.
• Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in 1848 A.D. tried to unite the different regions of the German Confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. The liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by combined forces of the monarchy and the military supported by the large landowners of Prussia. Hence, Prussia took the leadership of the movement for national unification.
• In Great Britain, the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long drawn out process.
• Ireland was divided between Catholics and Protestants. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over the large Catholic country.
• Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914 A.D. Many European countries began to oppose imperial domination.

IMPORTANT TERMS

• Plebiscite. A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.
• Utopian. A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.
• Absolutist. Literally, a government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised.
• Suffrage. The right to vote.
• Conservatism. A political philosophy that stressed the importance of traditions, institutions and customs and preferred development to quick change.
• Ideology. System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision.
• Ethnic. Relates to a common racial, cultural origin or background that a community identifies with or claims.

Write in brief :

1. They made the ideas of the fatherland popular among the citizens. These ideas laid stress on the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
2. They chose a new French flag, the tricolour to replace the former royal standard.
3. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and it was renamed the National Assembly.
4. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
5. A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
6. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
7. Regional dialects were discouraged and the French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.

1. Marianne. In France, the female allegory was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name. She underlined the ideas of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of liberty and the Republic-the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.
2. Germania. Germania was the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations, she wears a crown of oak leaves, as German oak stands for heroism.

1. He abolished all the privileges based on birth. He established equality before law and secured the right to property.
2. He simplified the administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
3. He removed guild restrictions in the towns.
4. He improved transport and communication systems.
5. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen were given freedom.
6. He introduced uniform laws, standardised weights and measures and a common national currency. Such measures facilitated the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.

DISCUSS

1. Politically, the liberals supported the ideas of government by consent, the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through Parliament.
2. Socially, the liberals laid stress on the abolition of discrimination based on birth.
3. Economically, the liberals stressed the inviolability of private property and the freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

1. Romanticism sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
2. Romantics, such as the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder, claimed that the true German culture was to be discovered among the common people. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised. So collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation- building.
3. The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate. This was especially so in the case of Poland, which had been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers—Russia, Prussia and Austria. Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings were kept alive through music and language. Karol Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.

1. The state of J&K came into existence on March 16, 1846 with the Treaty of Amritsar. But this was made possible with the combination of diplomacy and the valour shown by the Dogra forces under Maharaja Gulab Singh and Maharaja Ranbir Singh. Like other monarchs, they also followed the policy of territorial expansion through regular military campaigns.
2. After becoming the King in 1820, Maharaja Gulab Singh started the policy of expansion. Between 1820-1827 many chiefs and principalities in the J&K came under his effective control. General Zorawar Singh conquered Ladakh in 1834, Baltistan and Tibet in 1841 A.D.
3. Maharaja Ranbir Singh conquered Gilgit, Yasin and Ponial, Hunza, Nagar and Chitral. The military campaigns were successful in controlling the strategically important areas of North-West frontier.

1. In Britain, the history of nationalism was not similar to the rest of Europe. There the growth of nationalism was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution, but of a long drawn out process. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones such as the English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
2. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.
3. The English Parliament which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 A.D., was the instrument through which a nation-state with England at its centre, came to be forged.
4. The 1707 Act of Union, between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the “United Kingdom of Great Britain’ that made England able to impose its influence on Scotland. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members. The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed. The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.
5. Ireland was divided between Catholics and Protestants. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over a largely Catholic country. Catholic revolts against the British dominance were suppressed. After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798), Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801 A.D.
6. A new the ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture. The symbols of the new Britain – the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.

1. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. In the 19th century the Ottoman Empire was advancing rapidly to collapse. There were revolts by various nationalities for independence.
2. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive. Imperialistic designs of the European powers made the matter further complicated.
3. The Russian Czars encouraged the Pan-Slav movement in order to bring the states of Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece under its control.
4. Different European Powers were alarmed at the growth of the Russian influence in the Balkans. They tried to fish in the troubled water and wanted to exploit the situation in their interest. This led a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.

1. The labourers and workers were passing through a turbulent phase in their own land. The socio-economic condition of the workers was quite bad. The land revenue was quite high. Land assessment was quite complicated and such that it suited the corrupt officials.
2. Except getting tax, illegal exactions were also imposed on peasants such as share in commodities like ghee, fruits, honey etc.
3. The Shali system (Rice distribution system) was unorganized and under the control of money lenders. The procurement of grains was controlled by the state authorities and was distributed on fixed price.

PROJECT

Objective Type Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

True or False

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

1. In the areas conquered by Napoleon, the reactions of the local populations to the French rule were mixed. Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.
2. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
3. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.

1. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 A.D. were autocratic in the real sense of the word. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent.
2. They sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.
3. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution.

1. Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After the Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere.
2. In 1813 A.D., an armed rebellion against the Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.
3. Polish language was used for Church gatherings and all religious instruction. As a result, a large number of priests and bish were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian.
4. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

1. Garibaldi was one of the great revolutionaries of Italy. He was born in 1807 A.D. and his parents wanted him to become a priest but he had no interest in this profession.
2. He was interested in sea life and later on became a good sailor. He was a brave and courageous person who favoured the use of force for the unification of Italy.
3. He started ‘Young Italy’ movement with Mazzini. He was involved in the revolt of Sardinian sailors in 1835 A.D. but it failed.
4. In 1848 A.D., he declared Rome as a republic by overthrowing Papal authority over Rome. He organised a force called ‘Red Shirts’ which defeated Austrian forces to liberate Naples and Sicily. It was later on joined by Sardinia. In this way, Garibaldi played a great fole in the unification of Italy.

1. Victor Emmanuel belonged to a royal family of Savoy and was the son of Charles Albert. Victor Emmanuel was the king of Sardinia. He helped the revolutionaries to achieve the objective of unification of Italy.
2. It is right that Mazzini and Cavour have played a great role in unification of Italy but the contribution of King Victor Emmanuel cannot be undermined.
3. Emmanuel was the king of Sardinia who finally completed the task of unification when Cavour died after capturing Venetia and Rome.
4. With this capturing of Venetia and Rome, the work of unification of Italy was completed which was left incomplete by Cavour. Thus unified Italy came into existence in 1871 A.D. under the leadership of the Sardinian King.

1. Piedmont was the main state in the unification of Italy, but it was in a weak position. But Prussia was the main state in the unification of Germany and it was in the powerful position.
2. Most of the Italian states were under a great influence of Austria, but Austria was only the head of German Confedration of states.
3. Bismarck always favoured the use of force in the unification of Germany but Cavour hardly believed in use of force in the unification of Italy.
4. Italian states lacked unity and that’s why its process of unification was very difficult but this process in the case of Germany was not very difficult.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. In 1815 A.D., representatives of the European powers-the Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
2. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 A.D. with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
3. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the French expansion in future. Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
4. Prussia was given important and new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. But the German Confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
5. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony. The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe.

1. Small States. In the 16th century, Italy became a very weak country. It was divided into many smaller states who were so weak that they were unable to counter the attack of any foreigner ruler. They always used to quarrel with each other and that’s why they had no unity among them.
2. Rule of Foreign Countries. Italy was invaded by many foreign rulers many times because of the weak and small states. Some states like Modena and Tuscany were under the influence of France and some states like Venetia, Lombardy were under the influence of Austria. Even Nepoleon had won all of the Italian states. So rule of foreign countries was a great obstacle.
3. Congress of Vienna 1815. In 1815 A.D., Nepoleon was defeated by unified forces. Italy, which was under the occupation of Nepoleon, was divided by the winners of war of Waterloo. Some states were given to France and some were given to Austria. Rule of old rulers was restored in those states. So Congress of Vienna has divided Italy and it was also one of the great obstacle in the way of unification of Italy.
4. Pope. Pope is the spiritual head of Christians and has its dominance over Papal state i.e., Rome. He was known as spiritual head of all the Christian states in the world. He had kept foreign forces in Rome for his security and was always remained away from Nationalists. So Pope was also one of the obstacles in Italian Unification.

1. They made the idea of the Fatherland popular among the citizens. These ideas laid stress on the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution.
2. They chose a new French flag, the tricolour to replace the former royal standard.
3. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and it was renamed the National Assembly.
4. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.

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