JKBOSE 9th Class Social Science Solutions Chapter 5 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life 

● Flora—Plant Kingdom.

● Fauna—Animal Kingdom.

● Ecosystem—Plants, animals, human. beings are part of ecosystem.

● Species of plants—45,000 species in world, 5000 species in India.

● Species of animals—75,000 species in India.

● Great diversity in flora—Due to varied relief, soil and climate.

● Total area under forest—750 lakh hectares (20.55% of total area).

● Tropical rain forests—Ebony, Mahogany, Rosewood.

● Tropical deciduous forests—Teak, Sal.

● Dry forests—Kikar, Babul, Khair.

● Tidal forests— Mangrove and Sundari.

● Coniferous forests—Silver fir, pine, birch, spruce.

● Species of birds—2000 species in India.

● Areas for protecting—National parks, sanctuaries, fauna.

● fauna—Zoological gardens, Bio-reserves.

● National Parks—89.

● Wild life sanctuaries—49.

● Zoological gardens—35.

● Bio-reserves—14.

1. Biosphere : Realm of living organisms-plants and animals.

2. Soil : The uppermost layer of the crust of the earth.

3. Deciduous forests : In which trees shed their leaves.

4. Coniferous forests : Needle shaped trees which remain evergreen.

5. Flora : Plants of an area.

6. Fauna : Animals of an area.

7. Ecology : The science related to organisms and physical environment.

8. Bio-reserve : A vast area where wild life is provided.

9. Ecosystem : An integrated environment connecting plants, animals and men.

10. Tidal forests : Mangrove forests of Deltas.

11. Endangered species : Species of animals and plant becoming extinct.

12. Deforestation : Cutting of trees.

13. National Park : A reserved area for pressuring natural vegetation and wild life.

14. Afforestation : Planting of trees.

(a) Tundra

(b) Tidal

(c) Himalayan

(d) Tropical evergreen.

Ans.—(d) Tropical evergreen.

(a) 100 cm

(b) 50 cm

(c) 70 cm

(d) Less than 50 cm

Ans.—(a) 100 cm.

(a) Punjab

(b) Delhi

(c) Odisha

(d) West Bengal.

Ans.— (c) Odisha.

(a) Manas

(b) Nilgiri

(c) Gulf of Mannar

(d) Nanda Devi.

Ans.— (a) Manas.

Ans.—The distribution of plants and animals is determined primarily by the following factors :

(a) Climate

(b) Soil

(c) Relief

(d) Drainage.

Ans.— There is a great biological diversity of our land. Vast areas have been reserved for the preservation and protection of flora and fauna of the country in their natural form. Such areas are called Bio-reserves. In these areas, natural plants and animals are protected for the use of future generations. The first biosphere in India was set up at Nilgiri covering an area of 5520 sq. km. Another biosphere was set up at Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand.

Ans.— Tropical—Tiger

Montane—Yak.

Ans.— Types of Forests. Due to variation in rainfall, temperature and altitude, there is great variety of natural vegetation in India. The following different types of forests are found in India :

(i) The Tropical Rainforests : These forests are found in areas where annual rainfall is more than 200 cms and the mean temperature is more than 20°C. These forests are found in western parts of the Western Ghats, Plains of West Bengal, Odisha, Eastern Himalayas and the Andaman Islands.

(ii) The Monsoon or Tropical Deciduous Forests : These forests are found in the areas where rainfall is between 70 cm and 200 cm. These trees shed their leaves in the hot dry season. So these are called deciduous forests. These forests are found in Terai, Chhotanagpur Plateau (Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh): eastern slopes of the Western Ghats and eastern part of peninsular India. These are not dense forests.

(iii) Thorn Forests and Scrubs : These forests grow where the annual rainfall is less than 70 cm. These are found in parts of eastern Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Malwa Plateau (M.P.), Southern Haryana, S.W. Uttar Pradesh and the Karnataka Plateau.

(iv) The Tidal Forests : These forests are found in deltas of rivers in the coastal areas. These are called Tidal forests of Deltaic forests. These forests are found in Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta, Delta of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. These are marshy areas. In West Bengal, the the Ganga and Brahmaputra forms a delta, the forests here are called Sundarbans because the Sundari trees are found in this area.

(v) Montane Forests : The vegetation varies from temperate forests to temperate grasslands followed by Alpine vegetation to Tundra vegetation. These are found in the Himalayan states like Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttrakhand and Sikkim. The common trees found in Montane forests include Oaks, Pine, Deodar, silver fir, mosses and lichens, etc.

Ans.— India has a diversity of wild animals, but many rare species have become extinct in India. The two examples of endangered species are the one-horned rhinos and the Great Indian Bustard. Biosphere reserves are vast areas established for the preservation of wild animals. These reserves are used for the protection of rare species of animals found in India. Wildlife is a natural resource. It is conserved for the use of future generations.

Ans.—  Vegetation has a close relation with the environment. India has varied relief, landforms, terrain, soil types and climatic conditions (temperature and rainfall). As a result, a great variety of flora is found in India. India possesses about 47,000 different species of plants. Nearly 5000 species are found exclusively in India, out of which, 40% of them are exotic plants. In the Himalayan region, the vegetation varies according to altitude ranging from tropical forests to Alpine grasslands. The country is rich in flowering plants according to the duration of the growing season. India is rich in non-flowering plants like ferns, algae and fungi. Natural vegetation varies according to the amount of summer rainfall ranging from tropical rainforest, monsoon forests and dry forests. The natural vegetation varies as forests, grasslands and scrubs as the rainfall decreases. Thus, India has a diverse flora.

Ans.— Try these yourself.

(i) 42000

(ii) 45000

(iii) 47000

(iv) 50000.

Ans.— (iii) 47000.

(i) Coniferrous

(ii) Monsoon

(iii) Cactus

(iv) Mangroves

Ans.— (iv) Mangroves.

(i) Northern

(ii) Eastern

(iii) Western

(iv) Southern

Ans.— (iv) Southern.

(i) 35°C

(ii) 30°C

(iii) 28°C

(iv) 18°C.

Ans.— (iv) 18°C.

(i) Assam

(ii) Meghalaya

(iii) Madhya Pradesh.

(iv) Bihar.

Ans.— (iii) Madhya Pradesh.

(i) Tropical evergreen

(ii) Monsoon

(iii) Tidal

(iv) Tundra.

Ans.— (i) Tropical evergreen.

(i) Monsoon

(ii) Deciduous

(iii) Tropical evergreen

(iv) Arid.

Ans.— (iii) Tropical evergreen.

(i) 20.55

(ii) 21.55

(iii) 22.55

(iv) 23.55.

Ans.— (i) 20.55

(ii) Chhattisgarh Plain

(iii) Gujarat

(iv) Karnataka Plateau.

Ans.— (i) Andaman Nicobar Islands.

(i) Tropical Deciduous

(ii) Tropical Rainforest

(iii) Mangrove

(iv) Thorny.

Ans.— (ii) Tropical Rainforests.

(i) Teak

(ii) Mahogany

(iii) Cacti

(iv) Pine.

Ans.— (i) Teak.

(i) Tropical Rainforest

(ii) Temperate

(iii) Monsoon

(iv) Mangrove.

Ans.— (i) Tropical Rainforest.

(i) Temperate

(ii) Tropical Rainforest

(iii) Mangrove

(iv) Thorny.

Ans.— (i) Temperate.

1. The Dachigam National Park is in ……….. .

2. ……….. and Sundari are Tidal forests.

3. …………… are the primary producers.

4. The temperature in Tropical zone does not fall below ………. .

5. ……….. state has the largest area under forests.

6. ……….. forests have tallest trees.

7. ………… plant species are found in India.

8. One horned rhinoceros is found in the ……..  state.

9. …………….. is the most important tree of Monsoon forests.

10. ………….. forests is the natural habitat of lions in India.

Ans.— 1. J&K, 2. Sunderbans, 3. Plants, 4. 18°C, 5. Madhya Pradesh, 6. Tropical, 7. 47000, 8. Assam, 9. Teak, 10. Gir.

1. Tigers are found in Sunderbans.

2. Similipal Bio-reserve is in Odisha.

3. 89 National Parks, 49 wild life santuaries are set up to take care of Natural Heritage.

4. 30% part of total geographical area of India is under forests.

5. 89000 animal species are found in India.

6. Rare species of red panda are found in Himalayas.

Ans.— 1.√, 2. √, 3. √, 4. x, 5. √, 6. √.

Ans.— Plants.

Ans.— Soil, relief and drainage.

Ans.— Flora.

Ans.— Fauna.

Ans.— 47,000.

Ans.— Tenth in the world and Fourth in Asia.

Ans.— 15,000 about 6% world’s total.

Ans.— 20.55 Per cent.

Ans.— 750 Lakh Hectares.

Ans.— Amount of rainfall and altitude.

Ans.— 33%.

Ans.— Madhya Pradesh.

Ans.— 200 cms.

Ans.— 70-200 cms.

Ans.— (i) Kerala (ii) Maharashtra (Western Ghats).

Ans.— Andaman Nicobar.

Ans.— Ebony, Mahogany, Rosewood.

Ans.— Because these shed their leaves in summer.

Ans.— Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand.

Ans.— Monsoon deciduous forests.

Ans.— Moist and dry.

Ans.— Teak.

Ans.— Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana.

Ans.— Pine, Deodar, silver fir.

Ans.— Gujjars and Bakarwals.

Ans.— 89,000.

Ans.— 1200.

Ans.— Gir forests.

Ans.— In Sunderbans (West Bengal).

Ans.— In Himalayas.

Ans.— Trees, bushes, grass, and birds.

Ans.— Ferns, algae, Funge.

Ans.— Cactus and thorny bushes.

Ans.— Mangroves.

Ans.— Conical.

Ans.— Due to longer duration of sunlight.

Ans.— One-horned Rhinoceros

Ans.— In 1972.

Ans.— Flora—Plants of an area.

Fauna—Animals of an area.

(ii) The tropical deciduous forests.

(iii) The thorn forests and scrubs (Dry).

(iv) Tidal forests.

Ans.— Rajasthan is a desert because it receives annual rainfall less than 75 cms. Dry forest like kikar, babul and khair are found here. These are the typical trees of a desert. Generally khair bushes and scrubs are found.

(i) Rajasthan is an arid area getting less than 75 cms of annual rainfall. This rainfall does not support dense forests.

(ii) It is a hot region. So the loss of moisture is great due to transpiration. Trees have needle shaped thorns which prevents loss of moisture.

Ans.—  Teak, sal, sandal are the typical trees of tropical deciduous forests. These are called deciduous trees because they shed their leaves for about six to eight weeks in summer. This is a hot-dry season. The leaves get dry due to high temperature and deficiency of moisture. So these trees shed their leaves automatically.

Ans.— Plants, animals, and human beings together form life on the earth.

Importance. (i) These living things form a biosphere. (ii) The first form of life on the earth belonged to plant kingdom. (iii) It formed a basis for animal kingdom for food. (iv) The basic importance of plant kingdom lies in the fact that it alone could convert energy derived from the sun into food energy. (v) The plants add to the beauty of nature. (vi) Plants form the backbone of natural resources of a country.

There is a heavy pressure of population on forest resources of the country. The increasing population needs more land for agriculture. The livestock farming needs land for pastures. Forests are being rapidly exploited to supply many forest products for industrial uses. Therefore, it is essential to adopt different methods for the conservation of forests.

(i) Afforestation and reafforestation is being developed in many areas. (ii) Grasslands are being regenerated. (iii) Improved methods of Silviculture are being used. (iv) Fast growing plant species are being planted. (v) Area under forests is being increased.

Ans.— Forests have been depleted in India due to the following reasons :

(i) The clearing of extensive forest areas for agriculture.

(ii) The practice of shifting cultivation.

(iii) Heavy soil erosion.

(iv) Overgrazing of pastures.

(v) Cutting of trees for timber and fuel.

(vi) Human occupancy of land.

Ans.— Deforestation : The process of clearing of forests by cutting or burning is known as deforestation. In India, large areas of forest have been cleared for cultivation and settlement. The growth of population has increased the pressure on human occupancy of land.

Disadvantages : (i) This indiscriminate deforestation has disturbed the ecological balance. (ii) It has resulted in soil erosion. (iii) It has affected the climate of areas. (iv) It has also caused floods in many areas. (v) Cutting of forests along Shiwaliks has resulted in soil erosion by Chos in Punjab.

In earlier periods, large parts of India were covered with forests. The growth of population has led to the shrinkage of forest area. The total forest area is 747 lakh hectares which works out to about 22.7% of the total area of the country. The per capita forest area is as low as 0.1 hectare. This forest area is not uniformly distributed. The State of Madhya Pradesh covers the largest forest area in India.

The natural vegetation in India is almost of the tropical type. It varies according to the distribution of rainfall, from dense evergreen forests, deciduous forests to scrubs in arid regions. The altitude also affects the type of vegetation as is seen on the slopes of the Himalayas.

Ans.— Biosphere reserves have been set up to conserve our bio-diversity. These are multipurpose protected areas. Their major objectives are :

(i) To conserve and maintain our natural heritage of Physical environment.

(ii) To promote research on ecological conservation.

(iii) To provide education, awareness of environment.

(iv) To preserve the ecosystems.

Ans.— There is a great bio-diversity (Flora and Fauna) in India. It has been exploited too much with the result, ecosystem has been damaged. A large number of plants and animal species are already extinct and some have become endangered species. Efforts are made to regenerate forests and develop wild life and its habitat. Tiger reserves, sanctuaries (480), national parks (86) and Bio-reserves have been set up to conserve wild life.

Ans.— A national park is a reserved area for preserving its natural vegetation, natural beauty and wild life. Kaziranga National Park is located in Assam. It is famous for Rhinoceros project. Corbett National Park lies in terrai area of U.P. Many wild animals like tiger, elephants, deer etc. are protected in this wild life sanctuary.

Ans.— Forests are renewable resources and play a major role in enhancing the quality of environment. They modify local climate, control soil erosion, regulate stream flow, support a variety of industries, provide livelihood for many communities and offer panoramic or scenic view for recreation. It controls wind force and temperature and causes rainfall. It provides humus to the soil and shelter to the wild life. India’s natural vegetation has undergone many changes due to several factors such as the growing demand for cultivated land, development of industries and mining, urbanisation and overgrazing of pastures.

Ans.— Altitudinal zones of vegetation in mountainous regions : The distribution of vegetation in mountainous region depends upon altitude because temperature decreases with increasing altitude.

1. Forests of the Shiwaliks : In the Shiwaliks, tropical moist deciduous forests are found. Sal is the most dominant and economically important tree. Bamboo trees are also common in this belt.

2. Forests upto an altitude of 1000 to 2000 metres : Wet hill forests are found between 1000 to 2000 metres above sea level. Evergreen broad leave oaks, chesnuts and apples are common trees.

3. Forests upto an altitude of 1600 to 3300 metres : Between 1600 to 3300 metres above sea level, pine, cedar, deodar, silver fir and spruce are some of the more important species.

4. Forests at an altitude of 360 metres : Alpine forests are found at 3600 metres above sea level. They consist of silver firs, pines, birches and junipers.

Ans.— India is rich in fauna and flora. There is a great biological diversity in India. There are about 89,000 known species of animals. It has 2500 species of fish and 1200 species of birds. But many of these fauna have been destroyed by man. Many rare species have become extinct in India. Our rich wild life is rich heritage formed through centuries. It must be preserved. Many of the fauna are found only in India such as swamp deer, the one horned rhinoceros, the bison, Kashmir stag, Nilgai, etc. These rare species are in danger of extinction. Wild life is a gift of nature and a thing of beauty. Wild Life Act provides for the protection and conservation of these species. For this zoos, national parks, bio-reserves, tiger reserves have been established in India.

Ans.— Some projects have been made to preserve the tigers-a rare species of wild life in India. The Project Tiger has been a great success. At present there are 16 Tiger reserves in different parts of the country. The important tiger reserves are (i) The Hazaribagh National Park (Bihar) (ii) The Kanha National Park (M.P.) (iii) Taroba National Park (Maharashtra) (iv) The Corbett National Park (U.P.) (v) Sanjay National Park (M.P.) and (vi) Sariska (Rajasthan).

Ans.— A bio-reserve is a reserved area for the preservation and protection of the flora and fauna of the country.

(1) Nilgiri Bio-reserve. This is the first reserve set up in the country in 1986. It has an area of 5500 sq. km. and is spread at the trijunction of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. There are 13 bio-reserves in the country in different parts.

(2) Nanda Devi Bio-reserve in Uttarakhand, Himalayas in (1988).

(3) Nokrek in Meghalaya

(4) Andaman-Nicobar Bio-reserve.

(5) Valley of flowers in western U.P.

(6) Gulf of Mannar in Tamil Nadu

(7) Thar desert in Rajasthan

(8) Rann of Kutchh (Gujarat)

(9) Kaziranga and Manas Park in Assam.

(11) Similipal (Orissa)

(12) Panchmarhi (M.P.).

Ans.— At many places, forests are being replaced or degraded. The main causes for this major threat to nature are hunting by man for commercial purposes. Pollution due to chemical and industrial waste, acid deposits, introduction of alien species and reckless cutting of the forests to bring land under cultivation and inhabitation, are also responsible for the imbalance.

To protect the flora and fauna of the country, the government has taken many steps.

1. Fourteen biosphere reserves has been set up in the country, and three out of them are the Sunderbans in the West Bengal, the Gulf of Manner in Tamil Nadu and the Nilgiris (Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) are included in the world network of Biosphere reserves.

1. Sunderbans (West Bengal)

2. Similipal (Orissa)

3. Gulf of Mannar (Tamil Nadu)

4. Dihang-Dibang (Arunachal Pradesh)

5. The Nilgiris (Tamil Naidu)

6. Dibru-Sailkhowa (Assam)

7. Nanda Devi (Uttrakhand)

8. Agas Thyamalai (Kerala)

9. Nokrek (Meghalya)

10. Kanchenjunga (Sikkim)

11. Great Nicobar (AndamanNicobar)

12. Panchmari (Madhya Pradesh)

13. Manas (Assam)

14. Acharakmar-Amarkantak (Madhya Pradesh)

2. Financial and technical assistance is provided to many Botanical gardens by the government since 1992.

3. Project Tiger, Project rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard and many other eco-developmental projects are introduced.

4. Many facilities to develop awareness among the people and to educate people for the benefits of flora and fauna are provided.

5. 89 National Parks, 49 Wild life sanctuaries and Zoological gardens are set up to take care of Natural heritage.

Ans.— Biome is a very large ecosystem on land. It has distinct type of vegetation and animal life. Five principal Biomes are found in the world. These are forests, Savanna, grassland, desert and Tundra. These Biomes are useful for studying the world pattern of vegetation.

The grouping of these Biomes is done on the basis of plant formations. Animals are also included. These groups are based on soils, water and heat.

Ans.— Most of present vegetation cover in India is not really natural. A considerable part of the original cover has been destroyed or changed due to human settlement and land use. Most of vegetation cover is low in quality and content. The original natural vegetation survives only in inaccessible areas of the Himalayas and Thar Desert (Marusthal). In other parts of the country, the vegetation is not ‘natural’ in the real sense of the term. It consists of a plant community that has grown over a long period in a region according to its climatic and soil conditions. These plants have adjusted to local conditions and may be called natural vegetation.

Ans.— Different types of natural vegetation are found in different parts of India due to variation in physical conditions specially relief and rainfall. (i) Dense evergreen forests are found in the rainy areas. (ii) Thorny shrubs are found in deserts. (iii) Coniferous evergreen trees with conical leaves are found on high mountains. (iv) Broad-leaved deciduous forests are found in the tropical monsoon region. There is no tree growth in areas where July isotherm is less than 10°C. It can be rightly said that natural vegetation is the outcome of relief and rainfall. The fact is clear if you compare the natural vegetation map of India with that of relief and rainfall maps.

Vegetation Zones	Mean annual In June Temp. (in degree C)	Mean Temp.	Remarks
Tropical	Above 24°	Above 18°	No Frost
Sub-tropical	17°C to 24°C	10°C to 18°C	Frost is rare
Temperate	7°C to 17°C	-1°C to (-10)°C	Frost and some snow
Alpine	Below 7°C	Below – 1°C	Snow

Ans.— The mean annual temperature is below 10°C and that is why there is absence of vegetation in the Alpine zone.

Ans.— This zone gets rainfall throughout the year and temperature is always above 18°C. So, the trees do not shed their leaves in this region. That is why evergreen forests are found in the Tropical zone.

Ans.— The leaves of the tropical deciduous forests shed their leaves in summer because the high temperature makes them dry and due to the deficiency of moisture they shed their leaves to conserve the remaining moisture.

Ans.— Biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationship. This is layer of the planet earth where life exists.

Example. Plants and animals.

Ans.— Features of evergreen forests are :

1. Evergreen forests means they do not shed their leaves seasonally.

2. There is high animal anal vegetal biodiversity.

3. Ebony, Mahagany and Rosewood are typical trees of these forests.

Reafforestation	Afforestation
1. It is practised in areas where forests have been destroyed.	1. The new forests are planted in new areas.
2. Two saplings are planted to replace every felled tree.	2. One sapling is planted to get one tree.
3. It is practised to avoid the evils of Jhuming.	3. It is practised to bring more area under forest.

Ans.— The growth, types and diversity in flora and fauna kingdom is due to the following factors :

1. Temperature, 2. Sunlight, 3. Precipitation, 4. Soil, 5. Relief.

1. Temperature : The character and extent of vegetation are mainly determined by temperature along with humidity in the air, precipitation and soil. On the slopes of the Himalayas and the hills of the Peninsula above the height of 915 metres, the fall in the temperature affects the types of vegetation and its growth, and changes it from tropical to subtropical temperate and alpine.

2. Sunlight : The variation in sun’s radiant energy at different places is due to difference in latitude, altitude, season and duration of the day. Due to the factor of sunlight, trees grow faster in summer.

3. Precipitation : Almost the entire rainfall is brought in by the advancing south west monsoon (June to Sept.) and retreating north east monsoons. Areas of heavy rainfall have more dense vegetation as compared to other areas.

4. Soil : Changes in soil conditions have given rise to peculiar types of vegetation in many areas such as mangrove forests, swamps and sandy coastal foresta.

5. Relief : It is another important factor affecting vegetation-plains, plateaus and mountains have different types of vegetation.

Forests are a valuable resource ; like a river system, it is multiple resource Forests provide mankind with a number of products. Forests have greatly influenced human activities. Modern civilisation depends more and more on forests. Following are the direct and indirect advantages of forests :

1. Forests provide many things to meet our requirements like wild fruits, nuts. berries, etc. Many tribes are dependent on gathering of these products in forests.

2. Forests are source of timber for house building, furniture making ship building etc.

3. Forests supply about 40% of fuel of the world. Wood has been the major source of fuel in houses, smelting industries and running locomotives.

4. Soft wood supply raw materials for wood pulp, paper, rayon industries.

5. Many products like rubber, pitch, gum, tanning materials cork, camphor fir, herbs, etc.are gathered from forests.

6. Forests provide plywood and fibre wood for packing purposes.

7. Forests help in rainfall by capturing moisture in the air. These effect the climate of an area.

8. Forests prevent soil erosion and floods.

9. Forests increase the fertility of soil, help agriculture and maintain ecological balance.

10. Forests provide shelter to wild animals and help recreation, wild life and hunting.

11. They check the advance of deserts.

Ans.— Like diverse flora, our fauna is found to be equally rich and varied. There are about 89,000 known species. The country in its fresh and marine waters has as many as 2500 species of fish. Likewise there are about 1200 species of birds. In addition there are amphibians, reptiles, mammals and small insects and worms.

Mammals. Among the mammals, the elephant is the stately animal. It is typical animal of hot wet equatorial forests. It is found in the jungles of Assam, Kerala and Karnataka. In these areas, it rains heavily and the forests are very dense. On the other hand camels and wild asses are found in extremely hot and arid deserts. While the camels are common to the Thar Desert, the wild asses are confined to the arid areas of Rann of Kutchh.

India is known for its herbs and spices from ancient times. Some 2,000 plants have been described in Ayurveda and atleast 500 are in regular use. The World Conservation Union’s Red list has named for 352 medicinal plants of which 52 are critically threatened and 49 endangered.

1. The Rauvolfia Serpentina (Sarpagandha). Used to treat blood pressure ; it is found only in India.

2. Jamun. The juice from unripe fruit is used to prepare vinegar which is carminative and diuretic, and has digestive properties. The powder of the seed is a cure for diabetes, the bark is good for cough, asthma and dysentery.

3. Arjun. The fresh juice of leaves is a cure for earache. It is also used to cure blood pressure problems and heart diseases.

4. Babool. Leaves are used as a tonic and a cure for eye sores. It is used as a tonic and medicine for cough, its bark dust is a cure for dog bite.

5. Neem. has high antibiotic and antibacterial effects.

6. Tulsi Plants. is used to cure cough and cold.

7. Kachnar. is used to cure asthma and ulcers. The buds and roots are good for digestive problems. The root is used as cure for snake-bite.

Ans.— Migration is a seasonal activity, oftenly north to south along a fly way. This migration is between breeding and wintering grounds. Some threats to migratory birds are also grown with habitat destruction. Because of the stop over and wintering sites migratory birds facing threats. In the search of food and for shelter migratory birds move from cold to warm place. Some of the marine birds also make considerable migration. In the Indian Subcontinent most of the migratory birds are winter migrants.

(i) Areas of evergreen forests.

(ii) Areas of dry deciduous forests.

(iii) Two national parks each in Northern, Southern, Eastern and Western parts of the country.