UPPSC 2018 (Mains General Studies Paper-1)

Ans. The integration of 554 princely states into the union of India was made possible due to the statesmanship, administrative skills and is theenthusiasm of Patel to unified India. In order to build a strong and unified India Pateluses every possible ways, such as coaxed, cajoled and even threatening with extremely serious consequences. In July 1947, Sardar Patel organized the state’s department and his immediate objective is to secure the annexation of princely states and invited the cooperation of the rulers.

He also pleaded that the people of the princely state and provinces are closely linked by bonds of blood and feeling and no one can divide the minto segments. In his opinion the autocratic government must be replaced by the responsible government.

Sardar Patel introduced the concept of privy purses as a payment to be made to the families of the princes for their agreement to integrate with India. The double argument of patriotism and self-inter estthey have accepted to join the demonian of India.

Ans. In the changing world of today, Buddhism has a great deal to contribute in establishing peace. It provides for a revolutionary doctrine of peace by way of a concept of commonwealth of Dharma. Though the message of peace is strewn all over in Buddhism, we may make a passing reference to some of the early Buddhist scriptures as well as later Mahayana philosophical and literary works, which contain specific reference to Peace. Among the earlier works Kimsita Sutra of the Cullavagga states that whosoever practices the Dhamma in accordance with Buddha’s teachings and attains the essence of knowledge through meditation is established in peace. The three sutras of the Mahavagga (Sundarikabhadvaja, Magha and Salla), most of the sutras of Atthakavagga and the complete chapter of the Parayanavagga delineate the Buddhist conception of peace as one’s individual attainment of complete mental freedom by one’s endeavour of renouncing craving, all philosophical doctrines and religious ceremonies.

Ans. Gandhi inspires an alternative vision of politics and resistance at a time when oppression is not only getting more overt and physical but also more insidious. His ideology of non-violence is a good point to start from.

It may not succeed, but it opens a world of possibilities and encourages us to think outside the box. His life also illustrates how radical ideas are first dismissed, only to be tested and embraced later. Gandhi demonstrated to a World, weary with wars and continuing destruction that adherence to Truth and Non-violence is not meant for individuals alone but can be applied in global affairs too.

There is more to Gandhi which makes him a political thinker and a relevant social reformer. Gandhi was a dialogical thinker who was open to other horizons of thinking.

Ans. Communal violence is a form of violence that is perpetrated across ethnic or communal lines, the violent parties feel solidarity for their respective groups, and victims are chosen based upon group membership.

The religious difference is used to ‘mask’ non-religious social needs, aspirations and conflicts. Communal violence is instigated by religious fanatics, initiated by anti-social elements, supported by political activists, financed by vested interests, and spread by the callousness of the police and the administrators. While these factors directly cause communal violence, the factor which aids in spreading violence is the ecological layout of a particular city which enables rioters to escape un-apprehended.

The leaders also try to use economic arguments to instill fear and suspicion in the minds of people and prepare their followers to start a riot at the least provocation. Social factors, like large sections of Muslims refusing to use family planning measures, also create suspicion and ill-feeling among the

Hindus.

Ans. The worth of a civilization can be judged by the place given to women in the society. One of several factors that justify the greatness of India’s ancient culture is the honorable place granted to women. The Muslim influence on India caused considerable deterioration in the status of women. They were deprived of their rights of equality with men. Raja Ram Mohan Roy started a movement against this inequality and subjugation. The contact of Indian culture with that of the British also brought improvement in the status of women. The third factor in the revival of women’s position was the influence of Mahatma Gandhi who induced women to participate in the Freedom Movement. As a result of this retrieval of freedom, women in Indian have distinguished themselves in every field. They are participating in politics and administration.

Ans. The most effectual way to resolve issues of urbanization is to make the economy of village and small scale fully viable. Economies must be revitalized if government undertakes huge rural development program. It is suggested

that surplus manpower must be absorbed in village in order to migrate to urban areas. It is needed to control traffic congestion in urban region and people must be encouraged to use public transport. India must improve the traffic control system to avoid accidents. It is necessary to implement resilient clean-up campaign. Government must make polices to construct low cast multi-storeyed flats in order to accommodate the slum dwellers. Government should provide funds to encourage entrepreneurship and also find solution for pollution in the nation. Urbanization is good for the financial growth of country but careful planning is required to develop cities and offer basic amenities for healthy living.

Ans. The State U.P. is the principal holder of some economic minerals like Andalusite and Diaspore. Important Minerals occurring in the state are Coal, Pyrophyllite, Diaspore, Andalusite, Rock Phosphate, High grade Silica sand, China Clay, Dimensional Stone (Granite & Sandstone), Cement grade Limestone, Dolomite, Potash, Sillimanite, Iron ore, Brick Clay, stone Ballast, Sand etc. The minerals found in Uttar Pradesh include limestone which is found in Guruma-Kanach-Bapuhari in Mirzapur district and Kajrahat in Sonebhadra district; dolomite in Mirzapur, Sonebhadra and Banda, glass-sand in Karchhana of Allahabad district, Karwi in Banda district and Mau district; marble in Mirzapur and Sonebhadra; bauxite in Rajhgewan in Banda district; non-plastic fireclay in Bansi and Makri-Khoh area of Mirzapur district; and Uranium in Lalitpur district. Besides, Barytes and Edalusite are found in the districts of Mirzapur and Sonebhadra. Sand-stone, pebbles, reh, salt punter, maurang, sand and other minor minerals are also found in the State.

Ans. The Government of India has launched the Smart Cities Mission on 25 June 2015. The objective is to promote sustainable and inclusive cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and application of ‘Smart’ Solutions.

Some of the core infrastructure elements in a Smart City would include adequate water supply, assured electricity supply, sanitation, including solid waste management, efficient urban mobility and public transport, affordable housing, especially for the poor, robust IT connectivity and digitalization, good governance, especially e-Governance and citizen participation, sustainable environment, safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and the elderly and health and education. The strategic components of the Smart Cities Mission are city improvement (retrofitting), city renewal (redevelopment) and city extension (Greenfield development) plus a Pancity initiative in which Smart Solutions are applied covering larger parts of the city.

Ans. Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth’s climate system observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere. The term is frequently used interchangeably with the term climate change, though the latter refers to both human- and naturally produced warming and the effects it has on our planet. It is most commonly measured as the average increase in Earth’s global surface temperature. Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO,) and other air pollutants and greenhouse gases collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s surface. Normally, this radiation would escape into space-but these pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the planet to get hotter. That’s what’s known as the greenhouse effect.

Ans. Bundelkhand is a mountain range located in central India. Bundelkhand is spread over about 69,000 sq. km. of land in seven districts of Uttar Pradesh (Chitrakut, Banda, Jhansi, Jalaun, Hamirpur, Mahoba and Lalitpur) and six districts of Madhya Pradesh (Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh, Damoh, Sagar, Datia and Panna).

Bundelkhand lies sandwiched between the Indo-Gangetic plain in the north and Vindʼnya range in the south. Vindhya, Fauna and Bander are the three mountains with the highest peak at a height of 600 metres, intersects the plains of Bundelkhand. Bundelkhand circuit is flooded with monuments which hold stories of great kings and warriors, rivers, majestic forts, sacred temples, pilgrimage sites and many other historic places and sculptures.

The landscape is rocky with sparse forests, but major rivers – the mighty Yamuna, Betwa and Ken traverse through the region. Lakes, waterfalls, reservoirs, dams, caves and mountains are as much a part of Bundelkhand’s attractions, as are remarkable forts, fortresses, temples, shrines, huge statues and edifices.

Ans. During the 16th and 17th century, Indian economy was considered as an

industrially advanced country. But the British did not permit to modernize the industrial sector of the country during the 18th and 19th century. World famous Indian handicrafts and cottage industries were totally destroyed by the advent of cheap British manufactures in India. In this way Indian economy was turned into an importer of British manufactured goods and exporter of tea, coffee, oil seeds, foodstuffs and other industrial raw materials which were considered essential for running British industries in England. About the drain of wealth and capital from India during the British period,

Dadabhai Naoroji wrote, “The drain consists of two elements. First, that arising from the remittances by European Officials of their savings, and for their expenditure in England for their various wants both there and in India, from pensions and salaries paid in England; and second that arising from the remittances by the non-official Europeans.”

This sort of economic drain of Wealth from India prevented formation of capital in the country. This drained out capital was brought back by British for setting up industrial concerns in India owned by British nationals. In this way British secured a position of monopoly of all trades and major industries in India.

Ans. Adolf Hitler, the leader of Germany’s Nazi Party, was one of the most powerful and notorious dictators of the 20th century. Hitler capitalized on economic woes, popular discontent and political infighting to take absolute power in Germany beginning in 1933.

Shortly after Hitler came to power in January 1933 he began to attack the Treaty of Versailles. First Hitler disregarded the ban on rearmament. Then he rnoved troops into the Rhineland (1936); united with Austria (1938) and

set his sights on expanding German territory.

Some people regarded Hitler as a strong leader merely getting back German territory. They thought he would stop once he had achieved a reversal of the Treaty of Versailles. Others feared that this was only the beginning of a much larger German policy of expansion and aggression. They were to be proved right by Hitler’s takeover of the whole of Czechoslovakia in 1939, which contained no German speakers – nor had it been ever been part of Germany. Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 led to the outbreak of World War II, and by 1941 Nazi forces had occupied much of Europe. Hitler’s virulent antiSemitism and obsessive pursuit of Aryan supremacy fueled the murder of some 6 million Jews, along with other victims of the Holocaust. After the tide of war turned against him, Hitler committed suicide in a Berlin bunker in April 1945.

Ans. The revolt of 1857 was the heralding of a new age. It crowned the dawn of India’s independence from the fetters of foreign rule that had bound her. It was, in fact, the first essay in India’s advent to freedom. It laid the foundation of Indian nationalism. It acted as a great inspiration to our countrymen, who felt inspired by the example set by the rebels who had died fighting the British despite the heavy odds against them.

The revolt brought many changes in the British system of governance in the country. The immediate result of the revolt was the extinction of Mughal rule; and the end of the East India Company as the ruling power. The East India Company was replaced by the British Crown with Queen Victoria as the Empress of India. The Indian army was organised on communal lines; and the artillery came under the British control. The Bengal army that had

been involved in the mutiny disappeared, and the army was unified under a single Commander-in-Chief. The revolt brought to an end the progress of social and material advancement, which Lord William Bentinck and Lord Dalhousie had initiated.

The mutiny proved calamitous in the sense that it led to racial and religious chauvinism. The bitter memories of 1857 sowed the seeds of mutual distrust and resentment among the British and Indians, and estranged their relations.

Ans. In our own country, the Constitution declares that every Indian citizen has a right to live with freedom and dignity in any part of the country. Secularism is first and foremost a doctrine that opposes all forms of inter-religious domination. This is however only one crucial aspect of the concept of secularism. An equally important dimension of secularism is its opposition to intra-religious domination.

Secularism is nothing but importance to unity among religions, cast and languages rather that giving importance to one particular religion, caste and language. Secularism helps every people to lead a happy life in a country like India where people from each part of the country differs in their language, traditions yet they have unity These are some of the features of secularism:

> Respect and treat all religions equally by the nation.

> No discrimination of religion

> Non- interference into the religious matters

> No state is recognized with its religion followed by people.

> Laws are made without interfering the religious beliefs. in their diversity.

In practice, unlike Western notions of secularism, India’s secularism does not separate religion and state. The Indian Constitution has allowed extensive interference of the state in religious affairs.

While secularism is against discrimination only on the basis of religion, a ‘liberal democracy’ is against all forms of discrimination. The term ‘liberal democracy’ subsumes ‘secularism’.

Ans. Globalisation is a double edged process as far as women are concerned. On theone hand, majority of women in India and other developing countries find themselves stripped off the benefit of social security, government subsidy

protection of labour rights and then safety nets.

On the other hand there are possibilities of better education facilities and opportunities at the trans national sense which are very attractive to the privileged few. It is however necessary to understand that effective development requires fullintegration of women in the development process as agents of ange well as beneficiaries because Indian women can be utilized as development resources in manyways.

Globalization are involved in the different issues which are related to the women empowerment. Women reservation, rights, problems, status and authority etc are now days known to women. In family may be we can say that women are getting the favorable situation but along with we cannot ignore the different modern problems of women. It’s true that in themidst of a great revolution in the history of women. The voice of women is increasingly heard in Parliament, courts and in the streets. India is a society where the male is greatly revered but impact of globalization women participating in all the fields. Globalization brings all women together to act. The modern development of technology offers the possibilities for women to communicate more directly through networking both within and across countries. Child labors, bonded labors, exploitation, avoidance of human rights etc are the today’shot topics related to children.

Ans. Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange. Globalisation has increased the production of goods and services. Globalization came to India through the economic reforms and is gradually transforming our culture and self-image. Global process affected the family structure and social construction. Small size, heterogeneous groups, money are a center of family, generation gap, secondary relationship etc effects are thegifts of globalization and concern process. With the process of globalization, existence of fashion and fad can see in society. Globalization has given the birth tomarginalization. Globalization and urbanization areresponsible for addition the new modern issues in family.

Secondary relations, effect and attachment of peer group, free and zigzag life style etc are the serious symptoms ofthis process. Earlier life partners were searched from local areas and from within their caste. Now inter-caste marriages i.e. marriages within families with totally different social systems are quite common.

Globalization has thus greatly affected our social fabric. The shared experience is giving new meaning to our life and is leading to changes in our culture, religious practices and spirituality. Global population is getting closer to sharing similar social values, aspirations, attitudes and life styles. Local culture, spiritual practices and core social -values have been getting reframed and a new meaning isbeing given to human life. It is globalization and globalization alone, which is responsible for changing people’s outlook and life style.

Ans. The state government on February 19, 2018 unveiled a tourism policy. Under this policy, the UP government aims to generate five lakh jobs every year, along with attracting an investment of Rs 5,000 crore.

> To attract investments with a target of INR 5,000 Crore per year.

> To become the most preferred tourist destination in the country by 2023. To achieve an annual increase of 15% domestic tourist arrival and 10% foreign tourist arrival, consistently over the next five years.

> To provide employment to approximately 5,00,000 people per year.

> To impart training to 10,000 tourism service providers, over the next five years.

> To convert 10 heritage buildings (Buildings with heritage value) to heritage hotels per year.

> To attract 1,00,000 tourists to national parks and wildlife sanctuaries in Uttar Pradesh per year.

Mission: To drive a sense of inclusive tourism development in the local community of Uttar Pradesh, and make optimum use of tourism experiences across vibrant cities, attractions, nature, wildlife, adventure, food, heritage, religion and culture of Uttar Pradesh.

> To promote city-wise events and festivals with a predefined calendar, and promoting the same nationally and internationally.

> To improve local entrepreneurship avenues, through execution of tourism events and festivals like Deepotsav, International Literature Festival, International Ramayana Conclave, Geeta Mahotsav, Lucknow Mahotsav and other city based mahotsavs.

> To improve regional connectivity of all religious and cultural attractions within the state, through road, rail and air.

Ans. A huge area of air in the lower section of the troposphere that has similar characteristics throughout is called an air mass. An air mass acquires these characteristics above an area of land or water known as its source region. When the air mass sits over a region for several days, or longer, it picks up the distinct temperature and humidity characteristics of that region.

> Characteristics of Air Masses

> Air masses are named based on their characteristics. These variables are the temperature and moisture content.

> Air masses coming from colder areas are labeled as polar (P), whereas tropical masses (T) come from warm regions.

> Extremely cold regions supply arctic (A) air masses.

> If the source region is over the ocean, it is moist and labeled as maritime (m).

> Air originating from over land is called continental (c).

> The combination of the five labels and conditions describes air masses. For

example, an mT air mass could’ originate in the Gulf of Mexico, whereas a cP air mass could come from the middle of Canada.

> The other possible air masses are cA (continental arctic), CT (continental tropical), and mP (maritime polar).

> As the masses move along into other areas, their characteristics can moderate.

> The weather experienced while in a particular air mass doesn’t change much.

> The clashing of air masses creates other weather conditions that can lead to changes in weather.

Ans. Most volcanoes and earthquakes happen where they do because of how the Earth’s outer layers behave. The outer rigid shell is broken into mobile plates, whose migration and interaction is referred to as ‘plate tectonics’. Sporadic grinding action between plates as they move causes most of the large earthquakes. Interactions between plates are also responsible for producing molten rock (magma) and allowing it to rise to the surface where it can erupt through volcanoes, although not all volcanoes are related to plate boundaries. Tsunamis are powerful waves in the ocean that can be devastating when they come ashore. Unlike most volcanoes and earthquakes, tsunamis are not direct consequences of plate tectonics. The most common tsunami trigger is submarine earthquakes, but they can also be set off by a volcanic eruption under, or next to, the sea. Thus volcanoes, earthquakes and tsunamis are part of the same story.

There are several factors triggering a volcanic eruption, three predominate: the buoyancy of the magma, the pressure from the exsolved gases in the magma and the injection of a new batch of magma into an already filled magma chamber.

As rock inside the earth melts, its mass remains the same while its volume increases–producing a melt that is less dense than the surrounding rock. This lighter magma then rises toward the surface by virtue of its buoyancy. If the density of the magma between the zone of its generation and the surface is less than that of the surrounding and overlying rocks, the magma reaches the surface and erupts.

Ans. Ocean water is constantly moving, and not only in the form of waves and tides. Ocean currents flow like vast rivers, sweeping along predictable paths. Some ocean currents flow at the surface; others flow deep within water. Some currents flow for short distances; others cross entire ocean basins and even circle the globe.

Ocean currents can be caused by wind, density differences in water masses caused by temperature and salinity variations, gravity, and events such as earthquakes or storms. Surface currents in the ocean are driven by global wind systems that are fueled by energy from the sun. Patterns of surface currents

are determined by wind direction, Coriolis forces from the Earth’s rotation, and the position of landforms that interact with the currents. Surface winddriven currents generate upwelling currents in conjunction with landforms, creating deepwater currents.

Currents may also be caused by density differences in water masses due to temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline) variations via a process known as thermohaline circulation. These currents move water masses through the deep ocean-taking nutrients, oxygen, and heat with them.

> Ocean currents in the Atlantic ocean include the below-given currents:

> North Equatorial Current (warm)

> South Equatorial Current (warm)

> Equatorial Counter Current

> Gulf Stream (warm)

> Florida Current (Warm)

> Canaries Current (Cold)

> Labrador Current (Cold)

> Brazilian Current (Warm)

> Falkland Current (Cold)

> South Atlantic Drift (Cold)

> Benguela Current (Cold)

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