UPPSC 2022 (Mains General Studies Paper-3)

Ans. Digital agriculture is the use of digital technology to integrate agricultural production from the farmers to the consumer. Innovative digital technologies can provide the agricultural industry with tools and information to make more informed selections regarding seeds, fertilizers, etc., and improve productivity.

> Increases agricultural productivity and lowers production costs.

> Prevents soil degradation.

> Digital technologies ease up the process of farm management- ultimately saving time, money, and a lot of effort. For example, agro e-commerce platforms allow you to market your farm produce with ease without even physically going to the marketplace.

Due to digitization, access to finance will be provided through exposure and awareness, climate change forecasts will enable right decisions, farm equipment and new technology will be accessible, inputs for better soil fertility and soil structure will be available, access to markets, access to information, smallholdings will be utilized, and predictive analysis will be possible.

Ans. Supply Chain Management is a systematic approach to improve the total productivity of food processing industries by reducing timing, providing quality raw material flow from farm to industry.

An estimate of how Supply Chain Management works, in food processing Industry could be as follows:

> Raw materials like grains, raw meat, fish etc. are collected at different locations by different sources.

> These sources may do preliminary processing of these to make components of a food product, before passing over them to the main manufacturer through many middlemen

> The manufacturer does the final processing of these components to make the food product

> Now the finished product has to be delivered to the consumer. Here also there will be a number of middlemen and stages

> Further, the manufacturer normally hands over the food product to a wholesale dealer

> The wholesaler passes the product to a retailer from where the consumer buys the processed food item for his personal use.

Ans. On 13th October 2021, the Government of India launched the ambitious PM Gati Shakti Scheme for multi-modal connectivity plan and coordinated planning and execution of projects, intending to augment infrastructure development in India.

The six pillars of PM Gati Shakti – National Master Plan are as follows:

1. Comprehensiveness

2. Prioritisation

3. Optimisation

4. Synchronisation

5. Analytical

6. Dynamic

The government’s strong push to infrastructure through the Gati Shakti scheme provides a positive impetus for much-needed post-pandemic economic growth since the sector affects India’s competitiveness. This scheme is a multipronged strategy to address the various gaps in infrastructure and logistics. By ironing out wrinkles in execution, this initiative, if executed efficiently, could prove to be a cog in India’s wheel of world-class, seamless multi-modal infrastructure creation.

States have a crucial role in the success of this initiative, owing to facets like port linkages and land availability for highways, railways, industrial clusters and corridors depend on political consensus and active partnership.

Ans. Financial inclusion may be defined as the process of ensuring access to financial services and timely and adequate credit where needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low income groups at an affordable cost. Creating inclusive growth and social justice undoubtedly requires reflection

on existing systems, including political, financial and educational structures. Policymakers need to look for ways to eliminate as many of the opportunities for elite capture as possible, while increasing opportunities for those previously marginalized to fully participate in the economic system. There is an opportunity to promote inclusive growth and social justice by promoting financial inclusion particularly in fragile and conflict-affected states (FCAs), where we see low access and high demand for financial services.

The financial system is, in a sense, the nerve system of an economy. It is the platform used for market transactions to occur, the means by which governments distribute benefits, and the mechanism used by citizens to demonstrate their civic responsibilities by payment of taxes and government services.

Ans. Industrial Licensing was also abolished for all except short list of 18 industries in New Industrial Policy 1991.

For the Make in India campaign, the government of India has identified 25 priority sectors that shall be promoted adequately. These are the sectors where likelihood of FDI (foreign direct investment) is the highest and investment shall be promoted by the government of India.

The Stand up India scheme aims at promoting entrepreneurship among women and scheduled castes and tribes. This enterprise may be in manufacturing, services or the trading sector. In case of non-individual enterprises at least 51% of the shareholding and controlling stake should be held by either an SC/ST or woman entrepreneur.

Industrial licensing provides major policy for most of the industries operating in the country Make in India and stand up India are focussed programme based on the type of industry and also based on position of individual.

Ans. Over the year, science and technology has witnessed rapid development. It has application in different fields especially in the sphere of the National Security.

> Science and Technology has enhanced India’s defence capability. Even it is ready for the 2 front wars. For instance Rafale fighter jets, Prachand helicopter etc.

> Induction of drones and other unmanned aerial vehicle have promoted security.

> Smart Fencing on Indo- Bangladesh border in 2019 under Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS) has reduced the infiltration of illegal refugees and other contraband items.

> Using the application of Science and technology, cyber security system has been boosted. India has set up CERT-IN.

> Surveillance systems like night vision devices, hand held thermal imagers, battlefield surveillance radar etc. are used along the borders to check activities of enemies.

India need collaborate with like mined country to promote use of science and technology for the national security.

Ans. E-pollution or electronic waste is any electrical or electronic equipment that’s been discarded. This includes working and broken items that are thrown in the garbage or donated to a charity reseller, their components, consumables, parts, and spares.

> The competent authorities in developing countries need to be establish.

> Increasing information campaigns, capacity building, and awareness are critical to promoting environment-friendly e-waste management programs.

> Promoting collection schemes and management practices to reduce the illegal trade of e-waste.

Space pollution or junk or debris consists of spent rocket stages, dead satellites, fragments of space objects and debris. It poses a global threat to the continued use of space-based technologies that support critical functions like communication, transport, etc.

> Developing Reusable spacecrafts.

> International cooperation in the debris

mitigation measures

> Capture debris or de-orbit old satellites.

> Releasing stored energy and fuel so that defunct spacecraft don’t explode. E-pollution and space pollution can be controlled by the collective effort of the humankind.

Ans. Uttar Pradesh Defence Industrial Corridor (UP DIC) is an aspirational project that intends to reduce foreign dependency of Indian Aerospace & Defence

Sector. The Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority (UPEIDA) was made the nodal agency to execute this project in conjunction with various other state agencies.

These Defence corridor stands to furnish military aircraft, submarines, helicopters, land systems to weapons and sensors. With the aim of leveraging the economic opportunity present and achieving self-reliance in aerospace and Defencesector the government of India announced setting up of two Defence industrial corridors, one in Uttar Pradesh and the other in Tamil Nadu.

Uttar Pradesh also intends to establish Common Facility Centres (CFC), Centres of Excellence (COE) and Skill Development Centres to facilitate in providing best practices, research and development and skill development. Hence, the envisaged corridor not only targets at setting up of manufacturing hubs but also aims at generating employment opportunities to cater to the most populous state in the country.

Ans. The individuals, selected for enrolment in the Armed Forces as regular cadre, would be required to serve for a further engagement period of minimum 15 years and would be governed by the existing terms and conditions of service of Junior Commissioned Officers/Other Ranks in Indian Army and their equivalent in Indian Navy and Indian Air Force and that of Non Combatant enrolled in the Indian Air Force, as amended from time to time under Agniveer programme.

The Agniveers will be imparted with various military skills and experience, discipline, physical fitness, leadership qualities, courage and patriotism. Post this stint of four years, the Agniveers will be infused into the civil society where they can contribute immensely towards the nation building process. The skills gained by each Agniveer will be recognised in a certificate to form part of his unique resume.

Agniveers, on completion of the four year tenure in the prime of their youth, will be mature and self-disciplined with the realization to become better version of himself/herself both professionally as also personally.

Ans. Types of Disasters

There are mainly two types of disaster:

1. Natural Disaster

2. Man-made Disaster

A natural disaster is a natural process or occurrence that can lead to property harm, injury or other health effects, loss of livelihoods, loss of life,

environmental damage, and economic disruption. These types of disasters are as follows:

> Earthquakes

> Floods

> Drought

> Wildfires

> Cyclone

> Tornadoes and Severe Storms

Technological or human faults cause Man-made disasters. Man-made disasters include stamping, oil spills, burning, industrial accidents, nuclear explosions/ radiation, and transport incidents. Battle and deliberate attacks can also be included in this group.

A coordinated multi-agency response at this level of disaster management is crucial to reduce the effects of a disaster and its long-term outcomes of recovery activities. Some of the recovery activities are as follows:

> Provision Food and Water

> Repairing Vital Services, for example, Transport and Telecommunications

> Provision Temporary Shelter

> Disease prevention and Disability

> Provision Emergency Health Care

> Rescue

> Relocation

Ans. Inclusive growth is economic growth that is distributed fairly across society and creates opportunities for all.

The concept of inclusive growth has become vital to economic development due to rising economic inequality and its effects on human well-being and prosperity.

OECD defines inclusive growth as economic growth that is distributed fairly across society and creates opportunities for all.

1. Long term perspective with sustainable growth

2. Broad-based and spread across all sectors for economic diversification

3. It must be inclusive of the large labor force concerning market access, resources, and an equal environment for trade and busines

4. Focus on ace and pattern of growth

5. Potential outcomes are employment generation or income distribution.

6. A comprehensive approach that is in line with pro-poor growth.

> The employable population needs vocational training and education for skill development for better output.

> In India, there is a dearth of the highly trained workforce on one hand and conventionally trained youths are unemployed on the other hand

> It means access to financial aid and services for all and affordable especially for vulnerable groups.

> For inclusive growth and economic development, financial inclusion is crucial.

India’s economic growth has not been well reflected in the real-time development on the ground which pushes back the aim to achieve complete inclusive growth. More steps need to take for making inclusive growth the target of development.

Ans. India is relatively a younger nation compared to its neighbours. Every year around 28 million youth gets added to India’s workforce. As per an assessment conducted by the National Sample Survey Office, India’s unemployment rate was at a forty-five year high of 6.1% in the year 2018.

> Increase in proficiency

> Grow skill sets

> Achieve task in less time with more results

> Increase in performance level

The aim of Skill Development in the country is to Support achieving rapid and inclusive growth through:

> Enhancing Individuals’ Employability (wage/ self Employment) and ability to adapt to changing Technologies and labour market demands.

> Improving productivity and living standards of the people.

> Strengthening competitiveness of the country.

> Attracting investment in skill development.

The Objectives of the National Policy on Skill Development are to:

> Create Opportunities for all to acquire Skills throughout life, and especially for youth, women and disadvantaged groups.

> Promote commitment by all stakeholders to own Skill Development Initiatives.

> Develop a high-quality skilled workforce/entrepreneur relevant to current and emerging employment market needs.

> Enable the establishment of flexible delivery mechanisms that respond to the characteristics of a wide range of needs of stakeholders.

> Enable effective coordination between different Ministries, the Centre and the States and Public and Private providers.

Ans. Globalization has increased opportunities for employment for people across the world. Other benefits include improving the flow of information as technological advancement makes it easier to share the data fast and immediately across all parts of the world. Furthermore, international trade has reduced the costs of products and services due to increased competition. However, globalization has led to the degradation of the environment as industrialized states use the opportunities to take advantage of the developed countries’ weak environmental protection policies. Additionally, there is decreased employment growth as technological advancement has replaced human labor.

Globalization includes a comprehensive transformation in technological, economic, politic and scientific fields and it’s largest impact has been on developing countries is acceleration of liberalization of foreign trade and investment. Regarding foreign trade and investment is vital for economic growth of developing countries such as Eurasian countries which are lack of capital to support their growth, the effects of globalization come into prominence.

In conclusion, in the modern world, globalization has picked up stems and has become stronger because of new technologies in the communication and transportation sectors. The latest international business form is evident mainly based on the parameters such as increased or rather a free flow of goods and services across the globe. Therefore, it has been made possible by the reduction of trade barriers between countries. It has also led to developing an environment where money and investment can flow freely between countries.

Ans. The Indian renewable energy sector is growing rapidly, driving the energy transformation both regionally and globally with one of the largest, and most ambitious, renewable energy pro grams in the world.

> PM-KUSUM Yojana is helping the farmers get solar pumps at subsidized prices. Funding in many initiatives started by the authorities such as the National Solar Mission is a constraint given India’s inadequate financing capabilities.

> The cost of T&D losses is approximately 40 percent, making generation through solar energy sources highly unfeasible. The boost by the government to R&D activities by establishing research centres and funding gives some relief to solar energy players. Tie-up of the authorities with the world-renowned universities to bring down the installation cost of solar power sources and is focusing on upgradation of substations and T&D lines to re duce T&D losses are some measures taken in this regard.

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission was launched by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy to achieve 2000 MW of grid-connected solar power by 2022. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evamUtthaanMahabhiyan Yojana (PM-KUSUM) was launched in 2019 for the installation of agricultural solar pumps that are helping to reduce farmers’ de pendency on diesel-based generators by offering them solar pumps on subsidies. This year, one of the major schemes, the PLI scheme was launched to incentivize and promote domes tic manufacturing.

The Indian solar energy sector should invest prudently in new and emerging solar technologies through strong financial measures that include green bonds, clean energy funds and institutional loans.

Ans. Eastern Uttar Pradesh lags far behind the western parts of the state in terms of different indicators.

> Poor Industrialisation- The eastern part of the state is less industrialised then the western part. There are very few centres such as Prayagraj, Gorakhpur, Varanasi etc. where some industries are located.

> Connectivity- The region lacks swift connectivity. Transportation of people and good is a big issue in front of the people. Example Maharajganj, Balrampur etc.

> Human Resource Development- The human resource of the region has been not utilised in the appropriate way.

> Agricultural Development – The region witnessed green revolution in the latter stage. It is not successful like western part. The per capita availability of land is very less in this region. As a result of which it is not productive.

> Industrialisation will promote job creation. Clusters of industries need to be set up. The region has a huge scope of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.

> Expressways, feeder roads, railways etc. should be promoted to enhance connectivity in the region.

> Export facilitation centre need to be set up so that products like carpets, Buddha rice could be easily promoted.

> The potential of the tourism sector need to be utilised by forming effective policies. It will have domino effect on several sectors in the region. Union and State government should cooperate with each other to bring new opportunities for the people of Eastern Uttar Pradesh.

Ans. The word Nanoscience refers to the study, manipulation and engineering of matter, particles and structures on the nanometer scale (one millionth of a millimeter, the scale of atoms and molecules). Important properties of materials, such as the electrical, optical, thermal and mechanical properties, are determined by the way molecules and atoms assemble on the nanoscale into larger structures. Moreover, in nanometer size structures these properties often different then on macroscale, because quantum mechanical effects become important.

Nanotechnology is the application of nanoscience leading to the use of new nanomaterials and nanosize components in useful products. Nanotechnology will eventually provide us with the ability to design custom-made materials and products with new enhanced properties, new nanoelectronics components, new types of “smart” medicines and sensors, and even interfaces between electronics and biological systems.

1. Nanotechnology in seed science: –

> Seed is nature’s nano gift to man.

> Nanotechnology can used to harness the full potential of seed.

> Nano coating of seeds using elemental forms of zinc, Mn, pa, pt, ag will not only protect seeds but used in far less quantities today.

> Seed can imbibe with nanoencapsulations with specific bacterial strain termed as smart seed.

> Smart seed can be programmed to germinate when adequate moisture is available.

The application of Nanoscience in agriculture, particularly crop agriculture is a welcome development due to high degrees of variable properties of most plants that aid the binding of nanomaterials in preparation of herbicides, pesticides, insecticides and fungicides used in the maintenance of plants health.

Ans. As the internet and other information technologies have continued to develop a once uninteresting topic like intellectual property law has become an international and popular issue for debate.

Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are the rules and regulations surrounding the ownership of a work or idea. Different types of works, inventions, and even processes are owned by individuals and companies, and IPRs work to make sure that such works are not copied or imitated unlawfully. One of the most important intellectual property rights issues challenges is the prevention of the evergreening of the patents for multinational companies. As we know, the companies cannot evergreen their patents simply by making minor changes. So, section 3(d) in the Indian Patent Act (IPA) possess as one of the biggest issues with regards to IPR. This act bars the grant of patents to new forms of substances.

Three remedies, i.e.Mareva Injunction, Anton Piller Order and Norwich Pharmacal Order are in use and have various groundbreaking abilities to

actually help in being a boost to legal proceedingsagainst IPR violations. These orders are usually asked for and enforced when the identity of the wrongdoer is not actually known. This obviously implies that legal proceedings cannot be initiated, which is why this order enables the process. It gives the right to parties that believe they have been wronged, to apply to the Court for a Norwich Pharmacal order against third parties who would be able to identify the wrongdoer because they ultimately are facilitators of the wrongdoing.

Ans. Artificial intelligence inn Millitary sector

The basic strength of a defence system lies in the power of sensors. And Al helps in building the strength of sensors. Al provides robotic assistance to the military in war fields.

Robotic assistance here refers to drone networks and automatic drill machines. Artificial intelligence also helps in detecting and scanning the hidden enemies from dark and deep places.

Militaries and defense organizations can use AI for:

> Autonomous Weapons and Weapons Targeting

> Surveillance

> Cybersecurity

> Homeland Security

> Logistics

> Autonomous Vehicles

Artificial intelligence (AI) holds the possibility to immensely improve government operations and help address the issues of citizens in new manners, extending from traffic management to healthcare delivery to processing tax forms. While public sector authorities are progressively aware of the transformational effect of information and AI-fuelled solutions, the data required for AI solutions to be created and deployed is regularly neither available nor discoverable. Civil sector authorities may likewise not have the appropriate knowledge and expertise to settle on key buying choices for Al-fuelled tools.

The vulnerability of moral contemplations includes further layers of intricacy. Subsequently, authorities will, in general, postpone buying choices or reduce perceived risk by focusing their buying on a couple of known providers.

Ans. NEI has been witnessing insurgency since 1950s and there is no end in sight. Even though some states in the NEI have remained peaceful after ending insurgencies, overall the situation in the region is not conducive to peaceful living and corresponding prosperity. This article covers the genesis of insurgency, the present day situation and makes some recommendations for future.

> The British had generally followed a policy of non-interference in the NEI. However, the newly independent India in 1947 had the formidable task of uniting various princely states not only of NEI but of the country as a whole.

> The integration of these distinct cultures of NEI into the “mainstream” was generally met with resentment. The insurgencies started with Naga Hills.

> Under the leadership of Phizo, the Naga National Council (NNC) declared independence from India on 14 Aug 1947.

> Despite efforts at political settlement by various leaders of that time, the unrest did not die.

> As a result, Indian Army (IA) was ordered to undertake Counter-Insurgency (CI) operations in Jan 1956, after the Government of India (Gol) declared Naga Hills as a disturbed area.

> Thereafter, various regions proactively voiced their demands for freedom/

independence, and initiating insurgencies in the region. From the 1990s to the start of 2011, over 800,000 people were forced to flee their homes in episodes of inter-ethnic violence in western Assam, along the border between Assam and Meghalaya, and in Tripura. Even though the region has seen an overall decline in insurgency, however, the discontent continues.

Ans. Role of Government in Disaster management

Lay down policies on disaster management. Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and plans for disaster management. Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation. Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by the Central Government.

Communities and their organisations involved in Disaster management:

> Research and planning to articulate people’s explicit and implicit demands in terms of viable projects and programmes. Communities often have clear goals but little clarity about the technical, legal, and financial alternatives available to attain them.

> Provide technical and legal advice to communities to help them to implement their own mitigation projects and programmes, and to negotiate effectively with governments and agencies.

> Create opportunities for reflection and learning from disasters, building up awareness and making organisation more effective. Scientific knowledge of hazards and their effects and technological alternatives for mitigation take on a completely new meaning, transforming themselves into vital instruments at the service of development.

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