How will you distinguish the following ?

Teleutospore: The Teleutospores are particularly produced in ovaries by the secondary mycelium. The secondary mycelium forms a dense mass there and the hyphae become ounded and form thick spiny wall around itself. These rounded black structures are the Teleutospores which give a beaded appearance of the hyphae.

Teleutospores are rounded or oval structure surrounded by a two layered thick wall. The outer wall is thick, spiny and black called episporium or exosporium and the inner wall is hyaline, smooth and delicate, called endosporium.

Uredospore: The uredospores are binucleate, broadly ovoid and provided with a thick wall consisting of two layers, the exosporium and endosporium. The exosporium is thick, spiny and dark brown while the inner endosporium is hyaline, thin and soft. The cytoplasm inside the cell wall contains two nuclei of opposite strain.

Rust : The rusts are obligate parasites on cereals. They may be either autoecious living on one host only or heteroecious living on two different hosts. Their mycelia are intercellular and the clamp connections are not frequent. The teleutospores are two celled, born terminally on the stalk. Each cell of the spore is binucleate. The teleutospore on germination produces basidiospore which are born on sterigmata. The conidia formation is not common. The sex organs are differentiated in spermatia and flexuous hyphae.

Smut: The smuts are parasites or facultative saprophytes on cereals. They are always autoecious, and their mycelia may be inter or intracellular. Clamp connection is very frequent. The teleutospores are intercalary, unicellular and binucleate. The teleutospores on germination produce basidiospores which are sessile. The conidia formation is very common, but the sex organs are not differentiated.

Ascospore: An ascospore is a spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an ascus. This kind of spore is specific to fungi classified as ascomycetes.

Basidiospore: A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi, a grouping that includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis and they are produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia.

Apothecium: Apothecium is present in the phylum Ascomycota. Apothecia are cup-shaped structures. But they can remain close for a long time and then appear in an elongated shape. Their texture can vary from smooth to rough texture. Further, the diameter of the apothecium is about a centimetre. They also have the ability to shoot out spores to a larger area. Besides, asci are present in the apothecium. The ascospores released from the apothecium use air as a medium to discharge. Therefore, these spores germinate to give rise to new fungal bodies.

Cleistothecium : Cleistothecia refers to a structure of fungi that completely encloses their asci within the body. Furthermore, the walls of the cleistothecia break upon maturation and release the spores to the environment. Therefore, the asci of the cleistothecia are not capable of shooting out the spores as in apothecia. They are also present in fungi of the phylum Ascomycota. Cleistothecia are either club-shaped or spherical structures. Their walls dissolve at maturity.

Conidiophore It is an aerial hypha that bears asexual spores called conidiospores. Ascomycetes fungi and basidiomycetes possess these sporebearing structures. Conidiophores develop from the conidiophore foot cells belonging to the mycelium which grows on the substrate. Conidiophores can be septate or aseptate. They are rarely branched. Moreover, the terminal cell of the conidiophore is slightly swollen, but not enclosed in a sac. From conidiophores, sterigmata arise and from them, conidia are formed externally.

Sporangiophore: Sporangiophore is an aerial hypha that produces asexual spores of zygomycetes. So, sporangiophores terminate by a sac – like structure called a sporangium. Inside the sporangium, asexual spores or sporangiosphores are produced. At the end of the sporangiophore, there is a small structure called columella, which aids in bursting the wall of the sporangium and exposing spores to the environment. Sporangiophores are mainly non-septate. They are also branched and hyaline.

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