JKBOSE 10th Class English Note Making/Note Writing

◆ 6.35 p.m.                        14/10/20 _ _ ◆ Sonmarg -10 km from Gulmarg ◆ crash-jeep in ditch ◆ local bus-high speed-middle of road ◆ jeep braked to avoid collision-swerved, hit tree & overturned. ◆ jeep driver : Mahinder Singh, 35 yrs. ◆ killed instantly ◆ 3 injured-taken to hospital

A road accident took place yesterday at 6.35 p.m. when a jeep crashed into a ditch at Sonmarg, 10 km from Gulmarg. According to an eyewitness, the jeep braked in order to avoid collision with a local bus that was running at high speed in the middle of the road. The driver was unable to control the jeep, which swerved, hit a tree and overturned. The jeep driver, Mahinder Singh, aged 35, was killed instantly. Three persons, who were injured in the accident, were shifted to a private hospital.

LIFE IN A VILLAGE: peace and quiet-soothing air fresh & pure-green fields all around-lovely sight-helpful neighbours. LIFE IN A CITY: vehicles – smoke – industries – smoke – pollution – crowded – streets – people in a hurry –  never relax.

Life in a village has so many advantages over life in a city. I really don’t think anyone present here would disagree with me. The atmosphere is peaceful and quiet and has a soothing effect. The air is fresh and pure. Green fields which can be seen all round present a lovely sight. In a village, people are friendly and the neighbours are helpful. On the other hand, cities are full of vehicles giving out smoke. There is also some pollution from industries. The streets are crowded with people. Everyone is in a hurry and has no time for relaxation.

Latest technological measures – Pollution-free environment Protection of marine life – Polluted water diluted 400 times to conform to authorised standard Computer system – Continuous check on atmosphere Afforestation – 1.5 lakh trees Fertilizer Unit – Pioneer work

One of the largest fertilizer units in India has incorporated the latest technological measures to keep the environment pollution-free. To ensure that marine life is protected, the polluted water is diluted till it reaches the authorised standard prescribed by the authorities concerned. The water is diluted 400 times and is then discharged into the deep sea.

The Fertilizer Unit keeps a continuous check on atmosphere through a centrallycontrolled computer system. Besides this, it has planted 1.5 lakh trees as part of the afforestation drive. The plant can truly be called a pioneer in being sensitive to the environment.

Animal         : Golden Monkey Habitat         : Mountain forests-China Size              : Adult male-83 cm, Adult female-74 cm Weight         : Male- 20 kg, Female-10 kg Movement   : Winter groups-70, Summer groups-300 (food plentiful) Endangered : Hunting, golden hair-make coats Protection    : Reserves; sanctuaries.

The golden monkey is mainly found in the mountain forests of China. An adult male is 83 cm long and weighs 20 kg. It is bigger in size and heavier in weight than the female, which is 74 cm long and weighs 10 kg. In winter, they move in groups of about 70 while in summer, they move in groups of about 300. In the past, these monkeys were hunted for their golden hair. Nowadays, they are protected in reserve forests and in sanctuaries.

— Flat – 2nd floor. — One bedroom – sitting room – big kitchen – no dining room. — Private colony – Lake Road. — Main road – heavy traffic – noise. — Market – walking distance. — Immediate occupation – rent Rs-7,200 pm – security Rs-15,000.

Dear Rashid

I have some good news for you. Today, I saw for you a flat in a private colony on Lake Road. It has one bedroom, one sitting room and a big kitchen, but it has no dining room. It is on the main road, so the noise of heavy traffic is but natural but the advantage is that it is only a walking distance from the market. The landlord demands rent of 7,200 per month and also a security of 15,000. He is keen that you take immediate occupation of this flat if you are interested.

Yours affectionately

Anwar

● Birth           — 2.10.1869 ● Residence   — Rajkot – Gujarat ● Parents       — Father – Diwan; Mother – religious woman ● Education   — India and England ● Profession   — Lawyer – South Africa

Gandhiji was born on 2 October, 1869. He lived at Rajkot in Gujarat. His father was the Diwan and his mother was a religious lady. He got his education in India as well as in England. He became a lawyer and went to South Africa.

Train accident – level crossing – 2 p.m. –13.1.20_ _ – 12 km – Udhampur – collides with a truck – at high speed – 4 dead – several hurt.

At a level crossing 12 kms from Udhampur, a rail accident took place at 2 p.m. on 13.1.20__. The train was running at a high speed. It was nearing the level crossing. The train driver saw the truck and gave a whistle. The truck was also running at high speed. Its driver did not care for the whistle and tried to drive through the level crossing but failed. The driver of the truck was one of those killed. The injured were taken to hospital.

◆ Market-Raghav Colony-12.2.20 _ _  3 a.m. ◆ Items stolen-jewellery worth 3 lac-cash 50 thousand- electronic goods ◆ Broken window-no clue.

A theft took place on 12.2.20_ _ at 3.00 a.m. near the Raghav Colony Market. The thieves broke open the window and took away jewellery worth 3 lac and 50 thousand in cash. Some electronic goods also were reported to be missing from the house. So far no clues have been found about the thieves.

Biochemical link between food and emotions not a new concept, different moods: morning – active, noon – rest: a cup of coffee – works wonders – fatty meal – soporific (causing sleep)

Can certain foods really make you feel better? Well, the nutrition experts say ‘yes’ as they discover more about the (a) ………… . The latest research answers important questions. We often notice that (b) ………………… during the day. (c) ……………….. the mood may be upbeat and (d) ………….. , a siesta or rest may not be a bad idea. A cup of coffee can put you back to work, while (e) ………….  irrespective of its calorie content, renders you sleepy.

Hints: (a) biochemical link between food and emotions (b) we have different moods (c) While in the morning (d) cheerful, during noon (e) a fatty meal.

BIODATA OF DR. HARISH Qualification             : Ph.D. (Nuclear Science)                                  : Diploma in Computers Age                           : 35 years Present Occupation  : Working in a space centre as Senior Scientist Hobbies                    : Reading, Concert Violinist, Netsurfing, Research.

Dr Harish is one of the many applicants for the post of a scientist in a space research organisation. Besides a (a)………………………… ,  he has (b) ………………………. . He is young and is at present (c) …………………………… . He spends his timė (d) ……………………. and (e) ………………..

Hints: (a) Ph.D. degree in Nuclear Science (b) a Diploma in Computers. (c) working in a space centre as a Senior Scientist (d) reading, playing violin, hetsurfing (e) doing research work.

◆ Tezpur – College Road ◆ Speeding car PJL 6754, red Maruti ◆ Knocked down a school-going boy-Vipan (14 years) the only son of Dr Kumar, renowned surgeon of the city ◆ Boy killed on the spot, car driver tried to run away, but overtaken and handed over to the police ◆ Interrogated, car stolen from another part of the city.

A tragic accident took place on College Road in Tezpur at 9.25 this morning. Vipan, a school-going boy (a) ……………………. bearing number PJL 6754. The boy who received severe injuries in his head and chest (b) ……………….. . He was the only son (c) ……………. . After the accident, the car driver (d) ………………………… .On being interrogated, he confessed (e) ……………………….. . Ironically, the car belonged to Dr Kumar himself.

Hints: (a) aged fourteen years was knocked down by a speeding red Maruti car (b) was killed on the spot (c) of Dr Kumar who is a renowned surgeon of the city (d) tried to run away but he was overtaken and handed over to the police (e) that he has stolen the car from another part of the city.

1913 — born in Alabama, USA. 1935 — broke three world records on the same day (25 May) – long jump, 200-metre sprint, 200-metre hurdles, and equalled a fourth (100-metre sprint). 1936 — Berlin Olympics, won four gold medals – broke the world records in 200-metre and long jump events. 1950 — declared the Greatest Track Athlete of the half-century. 1960 — retirement, devoted himself to youth activities, went on goodwill visits to India and the Far East. 1980 — death by lung cancer.

Jesse Owens, whose real name was James Cleveland Owens, was a black United States athlete. He gits auf e was born in 1913 in the state of Alabama, USA. On 25 May, 1935, he became famous all over the world when (a) …………………… on the same day. The events in which he broke the records were (b)……………………… . He also equalled the record in 100-metre sprint. (c) …………………….. he won four gold medals. He broke the world records in 200-metre and long jump events. In 1950, (d) …………………….. . After his retirement in 1960, he (e) …………………….  to India and the Far East (Korea, China, Japan). This greatest runner of all time passed away in 1980 due to lung cancer.

Hints: (a) he broke three world records (b) long jump, 200-metre sprint and 200-metre hurdles (c) In the Berlin Olympics held in 1936 (d) he was declared the Greatest Track Athlete of the half-century (e) devoted himself to youth activities and went on goodwill visits.

— stigma on our society — insult to women, shame for men — girls tortured, many innocent lives lost — law disallows, yet the evil spreading day by day — educating girls & making them self-dependent, the only way to end this evil — refuse to marry dowry-seekers

The dowry system is a stigma on our society. It is an insult to women and a matter of (a) ………………….. . The greed for dowry has taken the lives of (b) …………………………. . They are tortured mentally as well as physically. Though law disallows the giving and taking of dowry, (c) …………………………… . The only way to end this evil is that (d) ………………………….. . Girls should become bold. They should (e) ……………………………. . Men should also try to wash off this stigma. They should take a vow not to demand or accept any dowry at the time of their marriage.

Hints: (a) shame for men (b) many innocent women (c) yet this evil is spreading day by day (d) girls should be educated and made self-dependent (e) refuse to marry the dowry-seekers.

— making ropes, the oldest trade-ropes made more than 5,000 years ago — pieces of rope found in very old Egyptian tombs — ropes made from hair of camels, twisted grass — used for tying animals, drawing water from deep wells, pulling large stones used in building — ropes made of thin copper wire also found in Pompeii, destroyed by a volcano, 2,000 years ago

Making ropes is one of the oldest trades in the world. We know that people made ropes more than 5,000 years ago because we have found (a) ………………… . Some of these were made from (b) ……………………….. . Others were made (c) ………………………. . People used them for tying animals, (d) ……………………… and for (e) ……………………………. used in building. We have also found ropes which were made of thin copper wire in the city of Pompeii, which was destroyed by a volcano about 2,000 years ago.

Hints : (a) pieces of rope in very old Egyptian tombs (b) the hair of camels (c) from twisted grass (d) drawing water from deep wells (e) pulling large stones.

Jammu – Upkar Colony A stray dog, suspected of rabies A young man (35 years) coming back home from office Bitten badly-removed to Civil Hospital, Jammu A course of anti-rabies vaccines recommended

Last evening Hari Singh, a young man aged 35 years, was bitten badly (a) …………………… in Upkar Colony. He was coming (b) …………………. . It is suspected that the dog (c) …………………………… . Mr Singh was immediately (d) …………………………… . The doctor has recommended for him (e) ……………………………… . The residents of the colony have demanded that the dog should be killed so that it does not bite other people.

Hints: (a) by a stray dog (b) back home from his office (c) was suffering from rabies (d) removed to the Civil Hospital, Jammu (e) a course of anti-rabies vaccines.

15 km. from Srinagar Some boys on picnic, swimming in the River Jhelum One of them-Gurtej (16 years) not a not a good swimmer -carried away by a strong Current of water-cried for help A boatman jumps in to help -brings the boy to the bank -but the boy already dead

Last evening, Gurtej, a boy of 16 years, was drowned in the River Jhelum, 15 kilometres from Srinagar. Some boys had gone there for a picnic and they were (a) ……………………….. . Gurtej was (b)………………………. . He cried for help when (c) ………………………… . A boatman heard his cries and he (d) …………………………….. to save the drowning boy. With a great difficulty, he was able to bring the boy to the bank but (e) …………………………. . All efforts to revive his breath proved futile.

Hints: (a) swimming in the river (b) not a good swimmer (c) he was carried away by a strong current of water (d) jumped into the river (e) he was already dead.

22 Jan. 1782  — born in London, full name George Gordon Byron 1801-03        — attended Harrow and Trinity College 1805-08        — studied at Cambridge University 1809-11        — European tour 1812              — maiden speech in the House of Lords 1815              — married, divorced in the following year 1823-24         — joined the fight of Greek Independence 19 April 1824 — death in Greece

Lord Byron, one of the greatest poets of England, was born (a) ……………………. . His full name was George Gordon Byron. He attended Harrow and Trinity College from 1801 to 1803 and then from 1805 to 1808, (b) ……………………………. . In the year 1809, (c) ……………………………………… . His maiden speech was delivered in 1812 in the House of Lords. He married in 1815 but (d) ……………………….. .He took part (e) …………………… and it was in Greece that he died on 19 April, 1824.

Hints: (a) on 22 January, 1782 in London (b) he studied at Cambridge University (c) he went on a tour of Europe (d) divorced in the following year (e) in the fight of Greek Independence.

Note making means presenting big chunks of knowledge in a neat and brief form. The characteristics of good notes are:

(1) They are brief.

(2) Only relevant facts are given.

(3) Only words or phrases are used. Full sentences are often not necessary. In other words, the language used in making or taking notes may not be grammatically very correct.

(4) Information is presented in a tabular form. It is divided and sub-divided. The divisions may be :

main sections: 1, 2, 3, etc.

sub-sections: a, b, c, etc.

(5) Abbreviations and symbols are used instead of complete words.

Common abbreviations are given in dictionaries. In addition, every individual can use his or her own set of abbreviations and symbols. For example, ‘Parliament’ may be reduced to ‘parlt’ or ‘par’ or ‘P’. But care should be taken that one abbreviation does not stand for more than one word.

A newspaper is usually owned by one or by a group of proprietors. They provide the capital and usually decide the policy of the paper though they do not normally take part in the day-to-day running of it. This is the responsibility of the editor, whose job is to make sure that the paper comes out every day and that it contains the information that readers expect to find in it. He has a large staff to help him do this, of course. The actual news comes from two main sources : the paper’s own reporters, and the news agencies. Most papers subscribe to one or more agencies, i.e. they pay a certain sum of money each year and in return, they are allowed to make use of the news which the agency sends them every day. Naturally, they do not use all this news they select from it what they need.

Word-meanings: 1. proprietor-किसी व्यापारिक संस्थान का मालिक; 2. provide—प्रदान करना; 3. capital-पूंजी; 4. subscribe- ग्राहक बनना l

1. Ownership of newspaper – one or a group of proprietors.

2. Day-to-day working by – an editor helped by a large staff.

3. Collection of news –

(i) own reporters

(ii) paid agencies.

As a result of a long series of discoveries, man’s life has been altered more radically and more rapidly during the last one hundred and fifty years than during the whole of the preceding two thousand years. In what ways does this alteration chiefly show itself? In the first place, most of the external enemies to which our species in the past has been exposed are either overcome or are in a fair way to being overcome. Look back over man’s life in the past and you cannot but realize what a sordid, meagre, frightened affair it must have been. His crops and, therefore, his livelihood, had been at the mercy of forces which he could neither understand nor control forces of fire and flood, of earthquake and drought; his communities were swept by pestilence and famine; and with the sweat of his brow, he wrung a meagre sustenance from nature. Today, thanks to science, all these enemies to man’s well-being have either disappeared or have been reduced to comparative impotence.

Word-meanings: 1. altered – बदल गई; 2. radically— पूरी तरह से; 3. preceding—पूर्ववर्ती; 4. alteration – तबदीली; 5. sordid-मलिन, गन्दा; 6. meagre- अपूर्ण, थोड़ा; 7. drought—सुखा;  8. pestilence -महामारी; 9. wring-(wring-wrung-wrung)-निचोरना; 10. sustenance-जीविका  सहारा; 11. impotence — शक्तिहीनता, प्रभावहीनता । ;

1. Discoveries of sc. during the last 150 yrs.

2. Man’s life completely changed.

3. External enemies overpowered :

(i) floods and fires

(ii) earthquakes

(iii) famines

(iv) pestilence.

4. Now getting one’s livelihood not so difficult as it used to be.

5. Thanks to sc.

Gandhiji’s childhood was a solemn one and lacking strangely in the frivolities with which we surround our children today. Children of those days had a curiously grown-up status, maybe because of the early marriages to which they had to submit, but they soon learned to take up and acquaint themselves with responsibilities and Gandhiji was no exception to this. Though the youngest in the family, he acquired a grown-up wisdom by consorting with his elders, particularly his mother, imbibing her wisdom and sound common sense. From the earliest days, his love for truth at any cost dominated his mind and he was free from the tiring little innocent lies that fill the life of any child. They are like the breaking of moth’s wings, leaving neither scar nor regret, nor even are they lasting.

Word-meanings: 1. solemn- पवित्र; 2. frivolities-ओछी बातें; 3. acquaint— परिचित करवाना; 4. exception—अपवाद; 5. consorting— साथी बनाना; 6. imbibing— धारण करना सीखना ।

1. Gandhiji’s childhood

(i) solemn

(ii) no frivolities.

2. No different from the children of his age

(i) early marriage

(ii) conscious of responsibilities.

3. Gandhiji imbibed

(i) his mother’s wisdom

(ii) love for truth.

Games, though essential, should not become the be-all and end-all of student life. Generally, the sportsmen waste too much time on them and fail in their examinations. One must never devote more than an hour to sports and after that should not even think about them. Again if a player plays a game rashly, there is every danger of breaking bones. If it is played without the spirit of sportsmanship, it can lead to bad blood and quarrels. In some of the colleges, there is a tradition that if the visiting team is winning a match, the home team plays foul, picks a quarrel and breaks the bones of visitors. But in spite of these minor defects, sports are very useful in keeping the students busy and in developing their personalities. India expects its citizens to have the qualities of true sportsmen. If we all acquire these qualities, there will be no narrow-mindedness, no corruption, and no injustice. There will be independence in the real sense of the word.

Word-meanings : 1. rashly—उतावलेपन; 2. acquire—प्राप्त करना|

1. Sports essential for students but not the be-all and end-all.

2. Wasting too much time not good :

failure in examinations.

3. Playing rashly may cause breaking of bones.

4. Lack of sportsmanship – quarrels between teams.

5. True sportsmanship can end narrow-mindedness, corruption and injustice.

There are some people who read a book, not because they enjoy the book, but because they want to be able to say that they have read it. They want to be in the swim. Ten to one, when they read a book for those reasons, they only skim through it, because all they really want to do is to be able to talk as if they have read it. There are people who set themselves down to read a book because they think it will do them good. They make a duty of it, a kind of penance. Sometimes they go so far as to set themselves so many pages at a time. If it is some kind of a technical book, which they are reading in order to improve their knowledge, well and good. But if it is a novel, or a poem or any part of what we call ‘English Literature’, then the person who is reading it in this way is wasting his or her time.

You cannot take a good book as if it were medicine. It is rude to the book and very silly from our own point of view. By approaching it in that way, you make sure of losing anything it might have to give you. You only begin to get good from a book when your spirit and the book’s spirit come together. A book is like a living person. You must meet it as a friend.

Word-meanings: 1. skim-सरसरी निगाह से पढ़ना; 2. penance – तपस्या l

1. Some people read a book merely to show off.

2. (i) Some people make reading a duty or a penance.

(ii) Such reading (except for the purpose of examination or improving one’s knowledge) is mere wastage of time.

3. (i) A book is not a medicine. Such an attitude can do us no good.

(ii) We can get good from a book only by approaching it as a friend.

Early rising leads to health and happiness. The man who rises late, can have little rest in the course of the day. Anyone who lies in bed late is compelled to work till a late hour in the evening. He has to go without the morning exercise which is so necessary for his health. In spite of all his efforts, his work will not produce as good results as that of the early riser. The reason for this is that he cannot take advantage of the refreshing hours in the morning. Some people say that the quiet hour of midnight is the best time for working. Several great thinkers say that they can write best only when they burn the midnight oil. Yet it is true to say that few men have a clear brain at midnight when the body needs rest and sleep. Those who work at that time soon ruin their health. Bad health must, in the long run, have a bad effect on the quality of their work.

Word-meanings: 1. efforts-यत्न; 2. advantage-लाभ; 3. refreshing – ताज़गी प्रदान करने वाले; 4. ruin – नष्ट करना ।

1. Advantages of early rising :

(i) health (ii) happiness.

2. Disadvantages of late rising :

(i) work till late in the evening.

(ii) go without morning exercise.

(iii) work not done properly.

3. (i) Burning midnight oil is bad for health.

(ii) Bad health affects the quality of our work.

Each one of us must realize that the only future for India and her people is one of tolerance and co-operation, which have been the basis of our culture for ages past. We have laid down in our constitution that India is a secular state. This does not mean irreligion. It means equal respect for all faiths and equal opportunities for those, who profess different faiths. We have, therefore, to always keep in mind this vital aspect of our culture which is also of the highest importance in India today. Those who put up barriers between one Indian and another and who promote disruptive tendencies do not serve the cause of India and her culture. They weaken us at home and discredit us abroad.

Word-meanings: 1. tolerance – सहनशीलता; 2. secular- धर्मनिरपेक्ष; 3. barrier – बाधा, अवरोध; 4 disruptive- विघटनकारी; 5 discredit – बदनाम करना।

1. Tolerance and co-operation :

– basis of our culture

– pillars of our future.

2. Secularism :

– equal respect for all faiths

– equal opportunities

– of highest importance in present-day India.

3. Disruptive tendencies :

– put up barriers

– weaken the country

– discredit us abroad.

The most important thing is that we should have freedom of thought. This is not as easy as it sounds, for everyone likes to have this freedom for himself, but is not ready to give it to others when they express different opinions. This is particularly the case when differences of opinions arise on such important matters as religion and politics. But if we refuse to let other people hold their opinions on these matters and especially, if we try to force them to accept our own, progress is impossible. If everyone went on thinking the same things as his ancestors thought, progress would come to an end because as the Buddha said, “What a man thinks, he becomes.” So if we think exactly what our forefathers thought, we shall remain in the condition in which they were.

Word-meanings: 1. sounds-प्रतीत होता है; 2. opinion-विचार, मत; 3. particularly- विशेष रूप से; 4. progress-प्रगति; 5. ancestors-पूर्वज; 6. exactly-बिल्कुल वैसा; 7. forefathers- पूर्वज ।

1. Freedom of thought

– each one loves to have

– not willing to give to others

– especially in matters of religion and politics.

2. Progress impossible

– without the freedom of thought

– no progress if we think as our forefathers did.