Gujarat Board Solutions Class 10 Social Science Chapter 10 India: Agriculture

Gujarat Board Solutions Class 10 Social Science Chapter 10 India: Agriculture

GSEB Solutions Class 10 Social Science Chapter 10 India: Agriculture

→ Agriculture is an important resource of India. About 60% of labour power is engaged in agriculture.

→ In most of the areas in India, two or more crops annually can be taken due to the factors like fertile plains, favourable climate for round the year cultivation, irrigation, skilled and hard working farmers.

→ Agricultural production in India is decreasing compared to the world due to reasons like inadequate facilities of irrigation, irregular and uncertainty of rain, more population, large family, small farms, no interest in experimentation, less usage of chemical fertilizers, modern machinery and scientific approach for cultivation, educated mass opting away from agriculture, the so-called lower status for agriculture in the society etc.

→ Farming is classified according to irrigation methods, farm outputs, economic return, etc.

(i) Subsistence farming. Due to their weak economic condition, farmers cannot afford costly seeds, fertilizers and use of insecticides. The farm production is just sufficient for their family. This is called subsistence farming.

(ii) Dry farming: Where there is inadequate rainfall, irrigation facilities are less. Farming is dependent only on rain. Only one crop is. taken through the humidity accumulated within the land.

(iii) Wet farming. It is carried out in the regions of heavy rain and adequate facilities for irrigation. More than one crop is taken.

(iv) Shifting agriculture. Forests are burnt and cleared, and farming is carried out there. The farming takes place for two or three years. When soil fertility is reduced, that area is abandoned and the same method is applied to start farming at other place.

(v) Plantation agriculture. This is a special type of agriculture. It is necessary that there should be more capital investment, skill, technical knowledge, machines, fertilizers, protection on all sides, acquisition and transportation facilities.

(vi) Intensive farming. Farming is the mechanized way of farming through utilization of increased irrigation, use of chemicaf fertilizers, insecticides and other mechanical equipments. Cash crops grow more in this type of farming.

→ Organic farming, sustainable farming, mixed farming, etc. are some of the current methods of farming in India.

→ Organic farming: In this kind of farming area or any other chemical fertilizer and insecticides are not used. They contain natural taste, sweetness and fragrance. There are minerals, vitamins and life energizing elements in these crops biotic controls for insects and harvests, water conservation, etc.

→  Mixed farming. Cattle rearing, poultry, sericulture and fishery etc. are also carried out simultaneously along with farming.

→  As per the seasons, the agricultural crops of India can be grouped into three categories:

• Kharif crops. Crops which are taken during rainy season are called kharif crops.
• Rabi crops. Crops which are taken during winter are called rabi crops.
• Zaid crops. Crops which are grown during summer are called zaid crops.

→ Due to diversified geographical conditions, climate, variety of land, the amount of rainfall etc., different crops are grown in different parts of India.

→ Foodgrains. Grains are cultivated in about 75% of the total area sown and about 50% of the production comes from grains.

→ Paddy, wheat, jowar, millet, maize etc. are the grains grown in India.

→ Pulses. It is the main source of protein for vegetarian people. Tuver, mung, gram, peas, and math, udad etc. are considered as pulses.

→ Oilseeds. Groundnut, til, soyabean, castor, mustard, sunflower, etc. are considered to be oil seeds. They are an important in the Indian meal.

→ Beverages. Tea, coffee, cocoa are considered as beverage crops.

→ Cash crops. Cotton, sugarcane, jute, tobacco, rubber, etc. are cash crops.

→ Apart from all these crops we also grow different kinds of fruits, vegetables and flowers in India.

→ Technical Reforms. The changes which have taken place in seeds, fertilizers and farm implements in India are known as technical reforms.

→ Institutional Reforms. The reforms connected with land ownership, crop and subsidy and sale of farm produce are considered to be the institutional reforms in India.

→ Green Revolution. The extraordinary increase in the agricultural.production due to improved seeds, chemical fertilizer, intense fertilizers, enormous efforts of the farmers, improved facilities for electricity and irrigation etc. is known as ‘Green Revolution’.

→ Role of agriculture in Indian economy. Agriculture is the main occupation in India. It provides employment to about one-half of the population of the country.

→ Agriculture holds about 17% of the total gross domestic production.

→ India ranks second in the world in agrarian production.

→ Agriculture provides food to all.

→ If the demand for the foodgrains is increasing and they have to be imported, then the political independence of that country may be at a risk. The minimum, requirement of the country can be fulfilled today with available foodgrains. So it is necessary to maintain and increase buffer stock.

→ Impact of globalization on Indian agriculture. The production of cotton and maize has increased. Import has become smoother. Now domestic farm products have to face tough competition. Some products have gained global markets. Hence, it is necessary to register qualitative farm production as National Patent in the world market.

India: Agriculture Class 10 GSEB Important Terms

• Subsistence farming: The farm production is just sufficient for his family which is consumed in the maintenance of the family. This is called subsistence farming.

• Dry farming: Where the rainfall is inadequate, irrigation facilities are less there Farming is dependent only on rain only one crop is taken through the humidity accumulated within the land. This is known as dry farming.

• Wet farming: It is carried out in the regions of heavy rain and adequate facilities for irrigation.
For example Paddy, Sugarcane, etc.

• Shifting (Jhoom) agriculture: Forests are burnt and cleared and farming is carried out there when soil fertility is reduced that area is abandoned and same method is applied to start farming at other place. This is called Jhoom cultivation.

• Plantation agriculture: In this, rubber, tea, coffee, cocoa, coconuts, apples, mangoes, oranges, grapes, amla, lemon, kharek, etc. are reared with great care. It is necessary that there should be more capital investment, skill, technical knowledge, machines, fertilizers, protection on all sides, acquisition and transportation facilities.

• Intensive forming: It is the mechanized way of farming through utilization of increased irrigation, use of chemical fertilizers, insecticides and other mechanical equipments. As more importance is given to economic returns in this type of farming. It is also known as commercial farming.

• Kharif crop: Crops which are taken during rainy season from June-July to October-November are called Kharif crops.

• Rabi crops: The crops which are taken during winter from October-November to March-April are called Rabi crops.

• Zaid crops: The crops which are grown during summet from March to June are called Zaid crops.

• Nagli (Ragi): It is extremely nutritious grass, food crop grown in Gujarat. It is known as Bavta in Gujarat.

• Cash crop: The crops Which are sold directly in the market is obtained called Cash crops.

• ICAR: Indian Council of Agricultural Research and Education. A national level institute does research in the field of agriculture at national level.

• DARE: Department of Agricultural Research and Education. A national level institute does research in the field of agriculture.

• NAFED: National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India.

• GROFED: Gujarat Cooperative Oil Seeds Growers Federation, Gujarat Oil Seed Production Union.

• NDDB: National Dairy Development Board.

Gujarat Board Class 10 Social Science India: Agriculture Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Question 1.
In most of the area in India, two or more crops annually can be taken. For that which factors can be responsible?
(1) Favorable climate for round the year cultivation.
(2) India’s poor and illiterate farmers.
(3) Excessive population
(4) Fertile plains
(a) 1 and 2
(b) Only 3
(c) 1 and 4
(d) 2 and 3
Answer:
(c) 1 and 4

Question 2.
Various farming methods are famous in India. Which of the following is applicable?
(1) Organic farming
(2) Jhoom cultivation
(3) Mixed farming
(4) Durable agriculture
(a) 1 and 4
(b) 1 and 2
(c) Only 2
(d) 1, 3 and 4
Answer:
(b) 1 and 2

Question 3.
Which statements is associated for organic farming?
(P) For nutrition of the crop cowdung fertilizer, earthworm fertilizers, compost fertilizer, etc. are used.
(Q) Damage was caused to the soil due to biotic control.
(R) Organic farm products are more in demand so the farmer also get a good return so, it is also nailed commercial farming.
(s) For the conservation of the crop cow urine, neem solution and buttermilk etc. are used.
(a) P and S
(b) Only R
(c) Q and S
(d) P, Q and S
Answer:
(d) P, Q and S

Question 4.
Which cereals grow maximum in India? Select the correct order.
(1) Wheat
(2) Jowar
(3) Paddy
(a) 3, 1, 2
(b) 2, 3, 1
(c) 2, 1, 3
(d) 1, 3, 2
Answer:
(a) 3, 1, 2

Question 5.
Identify the plantation crop/crops and select the correct option.
(1) Cotton
(2) Rubber
(3) Coconut
(4) Sugarcane
(a) 1 and 4
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 and 1
(d) Only 4
Answer:
(a) 1 and 4

Question 6.
Pulses and their production districts are shown below. What will be there in place of question mark?
(1) Tuver: Vadodara
(2) Mung and Math: Kachchh District
(3) Udad: …………..?
(a) Banaskantha
(b) Aravalli
(c) Patan
(d) Mehsana
Answer:
(c) Patan

Question 7.
One statement is not correct for seasame (Til) seeds.
(a) Among all oilseeds, til has more content of oil.
(b) Gujarat ranks first in India in terms of til production and the area sown.
(c) India exports maximum till in the world.
(d) Banaskantha grows maximum til in Gujprat.
Answer:
(c) India exports maximum till in the world.

Question 8.
Find out the group of states which grow cocoa.
(a) Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu
(b) Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Arunachal Pradesh
(c) Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andaman and Nicobar
(d) Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, West Bengal, Assam
Answer:
(a) Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu

Question 9.
Identify Jute produce from the following
(a) Mat, Sacks, Ropes, bags
(b) Jaggery, Sugar, Khandsari, Ethanol
(c) Toran, Takiya, Pillow
(d) Sickles, Poker, Needles
Answer:
(a) Mat, Sacks, Ropes, bags

Question 10.
Identify me: Who am I?
Soil is a determining factor than climate for my crop production. The charotar region is known for the production of my crop.
(a) Castor seeds
(b) Cotton
(c) Coffee
(d) Tobacco
Answer:
(d) Tobacco

II. Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the main support for the Indian economy?
Answer:
Agriculture is the main support for the Indian economy.

Question 2.
On what basis are the farming types classified?
Answer:
The types of farming are classified on

1. Irrigation methods
2. Farm outputs
3. Economic returns.

Question 3.
What is used as insecticide in organic farming?
Answer:
In organic farming, cow-urine, neem solvents, butter-milk etc. are used as insecticides.

Question 4.
What is used in place of urea or other chemical fertilizers in organic farming?
Answer:
Dung, earthworm fertilizer, compost fertilizer etc., are used as fertilizers in place of urea or other chemical fertilizers.

Question 5.
In how many categories can crops of India be grouped as per seasons ?
Answer:
As per seasons, crops of India can be grouped into three categories:

1. Kharif (Monsoon) crops
2. Rabi (Winter) crops
3. Zaid (Summer) crops

Question 6.
In how much land of total sown area, are grains cultivated in India?
Answer:
In 75% of total sown area, grains are cultivated in India.

Question 7.
What is the contribution of grains in total production of India?
Answer:
The contribution of grains in the total production of India is 50%.

Question 8.
Mention India’s place in the production of paddy?
Answer:
India ranks second after China in the production of paddy in the world.

Question 9.
How much of the total sown area, is paddy sown in India ?
Answer:
Paddy is sown over one-fourth of the total sown area.

Question 10.
Name the states where crop of paddy is taken two or three times in a year.
Answer:
In states like West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar.

Question 11.
Name the regions of Gujarat growing paddy.
Answer:
Paddy is grown in districts like Surat, Panchmahal, Ahmedabad, Kheda, Anand, Valsad in Gujarat.

Question 12.
In how much land wheat is grown in India?
Answer:
Wheat is grown over one-third area of the sown area of India.

Question 13.
Of which zone is the crop of wheat? What type of crop is wheat?
Answer:
Wheat is the crop of temperate zone. Wheat is a rabi crop.

Question 14.
State the favourable conditions for growing wheat.
Answer:
Wheat needs black or fertile loamy soil. It requires more than 75 cms of rainfall.

Question 15.
In which areas can wheat not be grown?
Answer:
In the areas receiving rainfall more than 100 cm, wheat cannot be grown.

Question 16.
Mention the states growing wheat in India.
Answer:
Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh grow about two-third of the total national production of wheat.

Question 17.
Which coarse grains are grown in India?
Answer:
Coarse grains like jowar, bajra, maize and barley are grown in India.

Question 18.
Which grain stands third in the production in India ?
Answer:
Jowar stands third in the production in India after paddy and wheat.

Question 19.
Mention the favourable conditions for the growth of Jowar.
Answer:
Jowar needs black and loamy soil. It requires 25° C to 30° C temperature. It requires 50 cm rainfall.

Question 20.
Mention the states growing Jowar in India.
Answer:
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat etc. are the major states producing jowar.

Question 21.
Where is maximum farming of jowar done in Gujarat?
Answer:
Maximum farming of jowar is done in Surat and Tapi districts in Gujarat.

Question 22.
Which grain is considered to be the grain of labourers?
Answer:
Millet is considered to be the grain of labourers.

Question 23.
Mention the states producing millet in India.
Answer:
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra are the major states producing millet in Gujarat.

Question 24.
Which crop is the most grown crop in the world after paddy and wheat ?
Answer:
Maize is the most grown crop in the world after paddy and wheat.

Question 25.
What is the staple food for the people of hilly regions?
Answer:
Maize is the staple food for the people of hilly regions.

Question 26.
Why is maize used more in industrial production?
Answer:
Maize is used more in industrial production because maize contains starch, oil, protein and bio-fuel.

Question 27.
State the maize producing districts of Gujarat.
Answer:
In Gujarat, Panchmahal, Dahod, Sabarkantha and Aravalli districts are major maize producing districts of Gujarat.

Question 28.
Which pulses are Kharif crops?
Answer:
Tuver, udad, mung, matth are Kharif crops.

Question 29.
Which pulses are Rabi crops?
Answer:
Gram, Peas and lentil (masur) are Rabi crops.

Question 30.
Mention the states of India producing pulses.
Answer:
The major pulse production states of India are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh.

Question 31.
Why pulse crop is sown as an inter-crop along or after main food crop?
Answer:
Pulse crop is sown as an inter-crop along or after the main food crop because Nitrogen is reinstated in soil by growing pulses.

Question 32.
Mention the uses of oilseeds.
Answer:
The main use of oil-seeds is to obtain edible oil. After edible oil is extracted from the oilseeds, the remaining oil-cake is used as animal fodder and as biotic manure.

Question 33.
State the favorable conditions for the growth of groundnut.
Answer:
Groundnut needs black, vital and a mixture of loamy and sandy oil and land which would not retain water. It requires 20° C to 25° C temperature. It needs 50 to 70 cm rainfall.

Question 34.
Mention the major groundnut producing states of India.
Answer:
Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra are leading in the production of groundnut.

Question 35.
Mention India’s rank in the production of groundnut in the world.
Answer:
India ranks second after China in the production of groundnut in the world.

Question 36.
Which oilseeds contains more oil among all oilseeds?
Answer:
Til (Sesame) contains more oil among all oilseeds.

Question 37.
Mention Til (sesame) producing states of India.
Answer:
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh are leading in the production of til (sesame) in India.

Question 38.
Which state ranks first in the production and sown area of til (sesame)?
Answer:
Gujarat ranks first in the production and sown area of til (sesame).

Question 39.
Which district of Gujarat grows maximum til?
Answer:
Banaskantha district of Gujarat grows maximum til.

Question 40.
Mention the uses of mustard.
Answer:
Mustard is used as edible oil and as medicine.

Question 41.
Mention the leading mustard producing states of India.
Answer:
The leading mustard producing states of India are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, West Bengal, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.

Question 42.
Where do we find coconut plantations in India?
Answer:
We find coconut plantation in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andaman-Nicobar in India.

Question 43.
Which oilseed crop both kharifas well as rabi crop?
Answer:
Castor is both kharif as well as rabi crop.

Question 44.
Which oilseed crop is both kharif as well as rabi crop?
Answer:
India ranks first, China ranks second and Brazil ranks third in the production of castor in the world.

Question 45.
Which state is leading in the production of castor in India? Mention its percentage.
Answer:
Gujarat is leading in the production of castor in India. It produces about 80% of total production of castor.

Question 46.
Mention castor producing regions in Gujarat.
Answer:
Gujarat is leading producer of castor in India. The other castor producing states of India are Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan.

Question 47.
State the districts producing castor in Gujarat.
Answer:
Banaskantha, Patan, Sabarkantha, Rajkot, Junagadh, Amreli districts produce castor in Gujarat.

Question 48.
State India’s position in the production of tea.
Answer:
India ranks second after China’in the production of tea.

Question 49.
Name the major tea exporter countries.
Answer:
Sri Lanka, China and India are the major tea exporter countries in the world.

Question 50.
Mention the favourable conditions for the growth of coffee crop.
Answer:
Sloppy land of mountain is suitable for coffee. 15° C to 28° C temperature is suitable for coffee. Coffee needs 150 to 200 cms rainfall.

Question 51.
Name the major coffee producing states of India.
Answer:
Karnataka, Keral and Tamil Nadu are major coffee producing states of India. Coorg region of Karnataka is famous for the production of coffee.

Question 52.
Mention the uses of cocoa.
Answer:
Cocoa is used as a beverage and to make chocolate.

Question 53.
Name the cocoa producing states of India.
Answer:
Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are the major cocoa producing states of India.

Question 54.
State India’s position in the world in the production, usage and export of cotton.
Answer:
India ranks second in the production, usage and export of cotton in the world.

Question 55.
By which other name is cotton known in India.
Answer:
Cotton is known as ‘White Gold’ in India.

Question 56.
Name the major cotton producing states of India.
Answer:
Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, and Odisha are the major cotton producing states of India.

Question 57.
Which state of India ranks first in India in area sown, productivity, total production and quality of cotton? Why?
Answer:
Gujarat ranks first in India in area sown, productivity, total production and quality of cotton because the farmers of Gujarat have accepted B.T. cotton seeds.

Question 58.
Which districts of Gujarat are known for the production of cotton ?
Answer:
Surendranagar, Rajkot, Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Sabarkantha, Mehsana, Botad, Bharuch, Surat, Panchmahal, Amreli, Bhavnagar, Patan etc. districts of Gujarat are known for the production of cotton.

Question 59.
Mention India’s position in the world in the production of sugarcane.
Answer:
India ranks second after Brazil in the production of sugarcane.

Question 60.
What is made out of sugarcane juice?
Answer:
Sugar, Jaggeri (Gur), Khandsari and Ethanol are made out of sugarcane juice.

Question 61.
Name the major sugarcane producing states of India.
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat are the major sugarcane producing states of India.

Question 62.
Which state of India ranks first in the production of sugarcane and the production of sugar?
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh ranks first in the area sown of sugarcane in India. Maharashtra ranks first in the production of sugar in India.

Question 63.
Name the regions of Gujarat growing sugarcane.
Answer:
South Gujarat and Saurashtra are major sugarcane growing areas of Gujarat.

Question 64.
By which name the jute fiber known as?
Answer:
The jute fiber is known as ‘Golden Fiber’.

Question 65.
What is made from jute?
Answer:
Jute cloth, gunny bags, mattresses, ropes, bags, footwears, handicrafts items etc. are made from jute.

Question 66.
Which country is in competition with India in jute Industry? Why?
Answer:
Bangladesh is in competition with India in jute industry, because there is cheap labour in Bangladesh.

Question 67.
Name the major jute producing states of India.
Answer:
West Bengal (Delta region of Ganga – river), Assam, Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh are the major jute production states of India.

Question 68.
Name the main four countries which grow and export tobacco.
Answer:
China, Brazil, India and USA are the main four countries which grow and export tobacco.

Question 69.
Name the major tobacco-growing states in India.
Answer:
Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka are the major tobacco-growing states of India.

Question 70.
Which regions of Gujarat are known for the production of tobacco ?
Answer:
Kheda district (Charotar region), Anand, Mehsana, Vadodara, Panchmahal districts are known for the production of tobacco in Gujarat.

III. Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
India is an agrarian country. Give reason.
Answer:
Since ancient times, agriculture has remained the most important economic activity of most of the Indians. Agriculture is also an important resource of India. It provides employment to about 60% of labour force and contributes 22% in our GNP i.e.

Gross National Product. Agriculture feeds our large population and aols supplies raw material for many industries. Out of our total foreign exchange income, 18% comes by exporting agricultural products. Hence, we can rightly say that India is an agrarian country.

Question 2.
Our per hectare agricultural yield is less than the rest of the world. Give reason.
Answer:
India’s climate and geography is such that in most of the areas India, two or more crops can be taken annually. Other factors to support this are India’s vast fertile plains, irrigation facilities, skilled and hardworking farmers, etc. Against this our farmers the mostly poor and uneducated.

Moreover, inadequate facilities of irrigation, irregular and uncertain rain, high population, big families, smaller farms, no interest in experimentation, less usage of chemical fertilizers, modern machinery and scientific approach for cultivation, educated mass leaving agriculture, lower status for agriculture in the society, etc. are other factors that results in lower per hectare production as compared to the rest of the world.

Question 3.
Which parameters decide the type of farming? Name the type of farming.
Answer:
Irrigation methods, output of farm, economic benefits, etc. are a few of the parameters that classify farming into various types.
Types of farming:

1. Subsistence farming
2. Dry farming
3. Wet farming
4. Shifting agriculture
5. Plantation agriculture, and
6. Intensive farming.

Question 4.
Differentiate between subsistence farming and commercial farming.
Answer:

Subsistence farming	Commercial farming
In this type of farming, the farmer produces exclusively for his own and his family’s consumption.	In this type of farming the farmer, grows on a large scale using modem methods and equipment of farming to earn high returns.
Farmers use simple and basic tools and irrigation methods.	Farmers use mechanized tools, modem equipment & better irrigation methods.
The motive is to produce for self­consumption and sell the surplus.	The motive is to into the market and earn high profit.

Question 5.
Differentiate between dry and wet farming methods.
Answer:

Dry farming	Wet farming
Farming done by using the moisture accumulated within the land is known as dry farming.	The farming practiced in areas receiving heavy rainfall or having good and adequate irrigational facilities is called wet farming.
Only one crop can be taken through dry farming.	At least two crops are taken under wet farming.
Dry farming is done in areas where rainfall is less and irrigation facilities are inadequate.	Wet farming practiced in areas receiving heavy rainfall or having good and adequate irrigational facilities.
Crops like jowar, millet and pulses are grown through dry farming.	Crops such as paddy, sugarcane, cotton, wheat and vegetables which require more water are grown using wet farming.

Question 6.
Define the various important methods of farming.
Answer:
Methods of fanning:
(1) Organic farming: The method of farming done without using any type of chemical fertilizer, urea, insecticides, etc. is known as organic farming.

(2) Sustainable farming: The method of farming using techniques that protect the environment, public health, human communities, and animal welfare is known as sustainable farming. In this kind of farming in order to see that the soil fertility is retained for a long time, care is taken for crop rotation, use of chemical fertilizers is done only when necessary, use of biotic controls is done for insects and harvests, water conservation, etc.

(3) Mixed farming: The method of carrying various activities like cattle rearing, poultry, sericulture, fishery, etc. on the farming land along with growing crops is called mixed farming.

Question 7.
In which regions of India is wheat grown?
Answer:
Wheat cultivation is carried out mostly in Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh. These states produce about 2/3rd of the total national production. It is also produced in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal, etc. In Bhal region of Gujarat a variety called ‘Bhaliya Wheat’ is produced. Wheat is also produced in Mehsana, Rajkot, Junagadh, Kheda, etc.

Question 8.
Wheat is known as ‘King of Grains’. Give reason.
Answer:
Wheat is the most nutritious of all grains. It is considered the best among all foodgrains used in our daily meal. Wheat is staple diet of majority of people of north and west India. Many items like roti, bhakhri, sev, shiro, lapsi, ladu, sukhadi, bread, puri, cake, biscuits etc. are prepared from wheat. Owing to all these reasons wheat is called the ‘King of Grains’.

Question 9.
Punjab is known as the ‘Wheat Bowl’ of India. Give reason.
Answer:
Punjab is a land of five rivers. So, there is a very strong canal water network. These rivers and canals together provide very good irrigation facilities in Punjab. Hence, the per hectare production of Punjab is quite good. All these reasons have taken Punjab to number one position in wheat production. Hence, Punjab is known as the ‘Wheat Bowl’ of India.

Question 10.
Give an introduction of jowar crop.
Answer:
Jowar is the third most-produced grain in India after paddy and wheat. Temperature between 25°C to 30°C, 50 cm of rainfall, black and loamy soil are favorable conditions for growing jowar.

Jowar grows in abundance in dry and less rainy regions of southern peninsula. It is produced in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. Surat and Tapi districts grow maximum quantity of jowar in Gujarat.

Question 11.
Give an introduction of millet (bajri) crop.
Answer:
Millet is considered to be the grain of labourers. It is grown in the regions having temperature between 25°C to 30°C, rainfall between 40-50 cm and light sandy soil. Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra are major millet producers. The Banaskantha district in Gujarat leads in the millet production in Gujarat.

Question 12.
What are oilseeds? State their uses and name important oilseeds.
Answer:
Seeds of crops from which oil can be extracted are called oilseeds. Groundnut, til, soya bean, castor, mustard, sunflower, etc. are its examples. Oilseeds hold a very important place in Indian meals. After extracting edible oil from the oilseeds, the remaining material is known as oil-cake. Oil-cake is used as animal fodder and also as biotic manure.

Question 13.
Write a short note on sesame seeds.
Answer:
India uses Til oil since ages. Til seeds contain maximum quantity of oil among all oil seeds. It is used as edible oil in almost entire world. India is the largest exporter of Til in the world. North India grows Til as a Kharif crop whereas south India as a Rabi crop and occasionally as Zaid crop. Almost entire India grows Til. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh are major Til producing states. Gujarat ranks first in India in terms of Til production and the area sown. Banaskantha region is the largest Til producing region of Gujarat.

Question 14.
Explain briefly mustard as a seed.
Answer:
Mustard is a Rabi crop. It is quite important crop of north India. Mustard seeds and its oil are used for edible and medicinal purposes. Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh are major producers of mustard

Question 15.
Give a brief idea about coconut.
Answer:
Coconut is a plantation crop. It grows in hot and humid coastal climate and saline land. In India, the coconut plantations are found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, AndamanrNicobar, etc. Gujarat’s coastal regions also grow coconut. A new special variety of coconut tree which is short in height but gives more yield has been developed. In sbuth India, coconut oil extracted from the coconut kernel and used as edible oil. Water of green coconut is widely used as a health drink.

Question 16.
Give an introduction of castor seed.
Answer:
Locally, oil extracted from castor seed is known as ‘divel’. Castor is both Kharif as well as a Rabi crop. India ranks first in castor production in the world. It produces 64% castor of the world. China is the second-largest and Brazil is the third-largest producer in the world. Out of India’s total production, about 80% is produced by Gujarat. Banaskantha, Patan, Sabarkantha, Rajkot, Junagadh, Amreli, etc. produce castor in small quantities. Castor is also produced in Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan.

Question 17.
Write a brief note on coffee plantation.
Answer:
Coffee is a plantation crop. Coffee seeds are extracted from the nuts and then grinded. The powdered form of coffee is then used as a drink. Coffee is grown on mountain slopes in the shades of larger trees in such a way that direct sunlight does not falls on the coffee leaves. Coffee crop needs 150-200 cm.rainfall, 15° C to 28C temperature 8s sloppy mountain land. Southern states of Karnataka is a well-known region for coffee production. Coorg area of Karnataka is a well-known region for coffee production.

Question 18.
Write a brief note on Cocoa plantation.
Answer:
Cocoa is a beverage. It is prepared from the seeds of cocoa fruit. It is used in making chocolates. Cocoa plant requires hot and humid climate and excessive rainfall. The countries of Africa are major producers of cocoa in the world. Cocoa production is on increase in Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Question 19.
Tea is grown on hill slopes. Give reason.
Answer:
Tea is a plant of tropical as well temperate zone. It is grown on sloppy lands where the water does not get stagnant and can easily flow down. Moreover, the altitudes of the hills provide the plant with suitable cool or warm air. Hence, tea is grown on hill slopes.

Question 20.
Which parts of India grow cotton? How had Gujarat got special benefit from cotton?
Answer:
Cotton growing states in India: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, etc. In Gujarat, cotton is grown more in Surendranagar, Rajkot, Vadora, Ahmedabad, Sabarkantha, Mehsana, Botad, Bharuch, Kheda, Surat, Panchmahal, Amreli, Bhavnagar and Patan districts. Farmers of Gujarat have now started making use of a variety of seeds called ‘BT-cotton seeds’. Using this seeds Gujarat now stands first in India in sown area, productivity, total production and also quality of cotton.

Question 21.
Write a short note on sugarcane.
Answer:
Sugarcane is a major crop of India. In terms of sowing, India stands first in the world, whereas in terms of production, India ranks second. Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane in the world. Black fertile alluvial lava soil, hot and humid climate,21° C to 27° temperature, 75-100 cm rainfall are necessary conditions for growing sugarcane. In terms of sowing, Uttar Pradesh stands first, but Maharashtra leads in terms of production. In Gujarat, South Gujarat and Saurashtra regions produce more sugarcane. Sugarcane is used to produce sugar, gur, khandsari and ethanol.

Question 22.
Write a brief note on Jute crop.
Answer:
India is the largest jute producer in the world. The jute fiber is called ‘Golden Fiber’. India faces a strong competition in terms of jute production with Bangladesh owing to the cheap labour available there. Jute requires fertile soil of the delta region where new sediment gets deposited every year. Moreover, hot and humid climate, 30° C to 40° C temperature and more than 100cm rainfall are suitable for cultivation of jute. Jute is grown more in the deta of Ganga River in West Bengal, Assam, Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh. Jute is used to make cloth, gunny bags, mattresses, ropes, bags, foot wears, handicraft items, etc.

Question 23.
State the role of Gujarat in tobacco . production.
Answer:
Gujarat is one of the leading producer states of tobacco in India. The Charotar region of Kheda district Anand, Mahesana, Vadodara, Panchmahal lead in tobacco production in Gujarat. About 80% of India’s tobacco used for making bidis is produced in Gujarat.

Question 24.
Write a short note on rubber.
Answer:
Rubber is prepared from the milk that oozes out of the latex trees. Acetic acid is mixed with the milk collected from the rubber plantations. It is then heated at low temperature to obtain rubber. Rubber is mainly used in making industrial products like tyres, tubes, conveyor belts, etc. Rubber trees are produced in regions of hot and humid climate and heavy rainfall. Malaysia ranks first in the world in rubber production. In India Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Assam and Tripura produce rubber.

Question 25.
Describe about the condiments and spices grown in India.
Answer:
Spices and condiments are added to dishes to add or complement their taste, aroma and colour. India leads in the production and export of dried coriander, fenugreek, mustard, suva and ajvain. India contributes about 35% in the total world production of condiments. Gujarat ranks first in the production of cumin seed, fennel seed and isabgul in the world.

There is a very heavy demand for India’s black pepper, cinnamon, clove, etc. in the whole world. Ashwagandha, tulsi, kariyatu, mindhi aaval, white musli, madhunashini, ashok, garmal, lindi piper, galo, allovera etc. are medicinal plants. Mint, menthol, palmroza, lemon grass, etc. are included as flaboured crops.

Question 26.
Write a brief note on fruits, vegetables and flowers of India.
Answer:
Fruits, vegetables and flowers of India : India ranks second in fruit production after China. Many fruits like bananas, mangoes, apples, grapes, oranges, etc. are grown in India. Bananas are grown in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Apples are grown in Jammu-Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.

Grapes are grown in Uttarakhand, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. India cannot meet its demand of grapes and hence imports some quantity of grapes from Afghanistan, Pakistan and Australia. India also grows a large variety of vegetables. Flowers like rose, jui mogro, galgota, etc. are also grown in India.

Question 27.
List out the types of grass grown in Gujarat.
Answer:
The cultivation of cash crops has increased tremendously. So, we experience shortage of grass for animals.
Grass grown in Gujarat for fodder crop:

1. Dharaf (Gujarat Dharaf-1),
2. Anjan (Pusa Yellow Anjan),
3. Marcel (Gujarat marevel grass-1),
4. Shaniar (Gujarat shaniar-1),
5. Jinjvo,
6. Dhaman,
7. Hemeta and
8. Clataria.

Question 28.
What is “Land to the tiller or Land Tenancy Act’? How is the farmer benefitted by this?
Answer:
Under the ‘Land to tiller’, the land tillers i.e. farmers have been given the right to become the owner of the land. By this act, the government has abolished the zamindari system to stop the exploitation of the farmer.

Question 29.
What is food security? How does import puts the political system of a country at risk?
Answer:
Irrespective if the country is big or small its population needs food to eat. The country has to produce enough food for its people. In other words, the country needs to be assured that it will be able to provide sufficient food on a continuous basis to its people. This is called food security. It is important to note that in a country, if the demand for the foodgrains is increasing and the country is not capable to produce it insufficient to country, then it has to important food grains from other countries. When a country is too much dependant on other countries for importing basic commodities like food, then the exporting country may dominate the importing country at risk.

Question 30.
State the rise in foodgrains in India giving appropriate statistics.
Answer:
In 1951, India’s population was at 36.1 crores, which today is more than 125 crores. Naturally, such a high rise in population has also increased the demand for foodgrains largely. In spite of this rise, our foodgrain production has increased quite much in the last 5 years. In 1950-51, India produced 51 crore tonnes of foodgrains. This increased to a record breaking 25.04 crore tonnes in 2013-14.

Question 31.
Differentiate between technical reforms and institutional reforms.
Answer:

Technical reforms	Institutional reforms
The changes which have taken place in seeds, fertilizers and farm implements are called technical reforms.	The reforms connected with land ownership, crop subsidy and sale of farm produce are called institutional reforms.
These reforms includes guiding farmers through various modes like radio, television, mobiles apps, etc.	These reforms includes providing subsidies and insurance to the farmers on their crops, facilitating with Land Ceiling Act, etc.
Agricultural universities and research centres are set-up to conduct research and development in the field of agriculture.	Co-operative Societies, market associations, etc. are set-up to enable farmer earn fair price for their products.

Question 32.
India needs to adopt suitable planning for buffer stock of food grains. Give reason.
Answer:
Today, India produces enough to fulfill the minimum requirement of its population. But, we need to produce enough to even maintain the buffer stock and slowly increase it. The buffer stock helps to feed the population in times of drought, flood, war, etc. conditions. A very huge quantity of food grains is wasted every year. This can be prevented by adopting proper storage techniques.

Rather than getting it wasted, if the grains are stored properly and distributed free to needy people then hunger of thousands of families can be satisfied. It is high time that government takes strict actions and necessary steps to stop this waste. Under Food Security Act, the government supplies food and grains to poor people at very low rates or even free. This is a good start to distribute the foodgrains properly.

Question 33.
Agricultural development is a pre-condition of our national prosperity. Explain.
Answer:
Agriculture provides employment to about 60% of our labour force and contributes 22% in our GNP i.e. Gross National Product. Agriculture contributes 22% to our GDP.

Question 34.
Give reason: Green Revolution has taken place in Indian Agriculture.
Answer:
Our production of crops has increased due to technological and institutional reforms. Now intensive agriculture i.e. more crop on the same land and extensive agriculture i.e. more land under agriculture are possible. The use of modem and mechanized tools, better quality seeds and fertilizers, economic aid from the government, improved irrigation facilities, better insecticides and pesticides have let to much higher agricultural production. Today, we produce surplus stock of foodgrains. Previously, we had to import foodgrains eon large scale but now we are capable enough to export foodgrains. All this have resulted into a Green Revoltion in Indian agriculture.

Question 35.
The use of bio-technology is increasing. Give reason.
Answer:
The fertility of soil is harmed due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers and insecticides. As a result, the production of crop is also adversely affected. Therefore, agro-scientists have started making use of bio-technology which leads to agricultural development without causing harm to the envrionment. Hence, in order to protect the environment, the use of bio-technology is increasing. Moreover, hybrid crop production and bio fertilizer are also possible now due to the development of biotechnology.

IV. Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe maize crop and its production.
Answer:
Maize is a Kharif crop. It is the third most grown crop in the world after paddy and wheat.

Favourable conditions: It grows more in hilly areas and hence is the staple food of people living in hilly regions. Maize grows better on sloppy, black, hard, rocky soil and water having gentle flow. It requires rainfall between 50-100 cm and temperature of 21°C to 27°C.

Use: Maize contains starch, oil- protein, bio-fuel, etc. Hence, it is used more in industries. It is also used in making rotis, popcorn and edible oil. Usage of maize is now also increasing as cattle and buffalo food.

Producing regions: Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal. Pradesh, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh are major maize producing regions. In Gujarat, it is grown more in Panchmahal, Dahod, Sabarkantha and Aravalli districts.

Question 2.
What is nagli? Explain in detail.
Answer:
Finger millet is a cereal crop. It is also known as African millet. In Gujarat, it is also known as nagli, ragi and bavta. Nagli holds an important place in the grass food-crops of Gujarat. Nagli is a staple food of the adivasi (aborigine) people in hilly region. Among all grass food-crops sown in Gujarat and in India, Nagli has the highest per hectare production capacity. Nagli is an extremely nutritious grass food-crop.

It contains high amount of protein, minerals and vitamins. It contains high amount of fiber. Hence, it is very helpful for the patients of diabetes and heart problems. Moreover, Nagli also contains more proportion of calcium and iron compared to other crops. Hence, it is used for eliminating malnutrition and in producing baby food. Biscuits, chocolates, toasts, nankhatai, water, papdi, etc. are also prepared from Nagli.

Question 3.
Write a brief note on pulses. Name the regions that grow more pulses.
Answer:
Pulses are the main source of protein for vegetarians. Tuver, mung, gram, peas, beans, math, udad etc. are classified as pulses. Tuver, udad, mung, math are Kharif crops whereas gram, peas and lentil (masur) are Rabi crops. All Indian states grow pulses except those which experience heavy rainfall. Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, etc. are major states producing pulses. In Gujarat tuver is grown more in Vadodara district, mung and math in Kachchh district and udad in Patan district. By growing pulses the nitrogen level of soil lost due to other crops increases. As a result, pulses are grown as inter-crop along with or after the main food crops.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on groundnut oil-seed.
Answer:
Groundnut is quite important oil seeds. India ranks 2nd after China in the world in groundnut production. Favourable conditions: Groudnut grows well on black, vital and a mixture of loamy and sandy soil, land which would not retain water, 20° to 25° C temperature and 50-70 cm rainfall. Although groundut is a Kharif crop, if proper irrigation facility is available then it can also grow during summer as a Zaid crop.

Producing regions: Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra are major producers of groundnut. Gujarat is the largest producer of groundnut in India. Junagadh, Gir, Somnath, Amreli, Rajkot, Bhavnagar, etc. are major producers of groundnut. Gujarat makes maximum use of groundnut oil as edible oil.

Question 5.
Write a short note on tea plantation.
Answer:
Tea is a plantation crop. The leaves of tea plant are plucked, processed and converted into coarse powder. This powder is then used in making tea that we drink. Plucking the leaves is a very skillful job. India is the second-largest producer of tea after China. Sri Lanka, China and India are leading tea exporters.

Favourable conditions: Tea is a plant of Tropical as well temperate zone. It is grown on sloppy lands where the water does not get stagnant and can easily flow down. The soil must have good iron content. Tea needs 20° C to 30° C temperature and about 200 cm of rainfall in the form of showers throughout the year.

Producing states: Tea is grown more is Assam, West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Assam and West Bengal produce about 75% tea of the nation.

Question 6.
Write a short note on cotton as a major cash crop of India.
Answer:
Cotton is an important cash crop of Gujarat as well as India. At world level, India stands second in cotton production, usage and also export.

Favourable conditions: Cotton is a kharif crop. Black lava soil which can retain humidity for a longer time, soil with plenty of mineral contents, hot and humid climate, 20° C to 35° C temperature and 30-70 cm rainfall, etc. are favourable conditions for cultivating cotton. Frost damages cotton crop. The growing season for cotton is about 6-8 months. Producing regions : Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, etc. In Gujarat, cotton is grown more in Surendranagar, Rajkot, Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Sabarkantha, Mehsana, Botad, Bharuch, Kheda, Surat, Panchmahal, Amreli, Bhavnagar and Patan districts.

Farmers of Gujarat have now started making use of a special variety of seeds called ‘BT-cotton seeds’. Using this seed Gujarat now stands first in India in sown area, productivity, total production and also quality of cotton. Cotton (without seed) is obtained from the cotton plant which is then used to make cloth. This cotton is known as ‘White Gold’ in India. Cotton seed oil is used as edible oil. Cotton seeds and oil-cake are used as animal food.

Question 7.
Write a short note on tobacco crop.
Answer:
Tobacco is a Kharif crop. It grows on sandy loamy soil, 20° C temperature and 100 cm rainfall. For growing tobacco, soil is more important factor than the climate. China, Brazil, India and USA are four major four countries that grow and export tobacco. Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka are largest tobacco producing states in India. The Charotar region of

Kheda district, Anand, Mahesana, Vadodara, Panchmahal lead in tobacco production in Gujarat. About 80% of India’s tobacco used for making bidis is produced in Gujarat. Tobacco is used to make gutkha, bidim cigarette, snuff, etc. Its consumption is harmful to health. Sikkim is the first state to ban tobacco-gutkha.

Question 8.
What do you mean by technical reforms in agriculture? Enlist the technical reforms that have taken place in Indian agriculture.
Answer:
Technical reforms: The changes in technical things such as seeds, fertilizers and farm implements that have taken in India are known as technical reforms.

Following technical reforms have taken place in Indian agriculture: The farmers who earlier used leather buckets and water wheel, now use submersible pumps or mono-block pumps, solar pumps, drip irrigation and sprinklers to irrigate his fields. Today’s farmer uses chemical fertilizers like di-ammonia phosphate (D.A.P), nitrogen, phosphorous, potash (N.P.K.), urea and other bio-fertilizers, liquid bio-fertilizers and biotech seeds.

Government and several NGOs constantly guide the farmers about various aspects of agriculture. They guide through radio, television, newspapers, DD Kisan Channel, SMS, Web portals, i-khedut and mobile app like ‘agri market’. The farmers can also call at Kisan Call Centre and solve his queries and seek guidance regarding farming issues. Village gram sevaks guide farmers about the new agricultural researches and new techniques. Government has established farmer training centre in every district headquarter to train the farmers.

Several agricultural fairs are also held in Gujarat where in the farmers come to known about the new development taken place in agriculture. Agricultural University and agricultural colleges are established in every state to teach students about agriculture and conduct research. Agricultural Universities are established at Dantiwada, Junagadh, Anand and Navsari in Gujarat. These universities carry out research and prepare new experts in agriculture. Institutions like Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR) and Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) work at national level for research and development in agriculture.

Question 9.
Which organizations are operating for purchasing farm products from farmers at support prices?
Answer:
The reforms in areas like land ownership, crop subsidy and sale of farm produce are considered to be the institutional reforms in India. Following institutional reforms have taken place in Indian agriculture: Government has abolished the zamindari system to stop the exploitation of farmers.

It has framed the Land Tenancy Act under the concept of ‘land to the tiller’. This law gives the tillers to own the land on which they are tilling. The disparity among the landowners has been removed by Land Ceiling Act. Farmers are given financial help for crop subsidy by Kisan Credit Card and by Nationalized and Cooperative Banks.

Under Prime Minister Crop Insurance Scheme (Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana), farmers can get their crops insured. Government provides financial assistance to farmers in case the crops fail due to natural calamities like floods and famines. Government has developed a system to conduct open auction for the sale of farm products in the marketing yards. This system is backed by legal support. Facilities like cooperative societies, market associations, cooperative warehouses, cold storage, transportation and communication,etc. are been provided so that the farmers can get the minimum support price of their farm products. Following organizations are operating for the purchase of the farm products from the farmers at support prices:

1. National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED).
2. Gujarat Co-operative Oil Seeds Growers Federation (GROFED).
3. National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).

Question 10.
Large variety is seen in the agricultural production in India. Why?
Answer:
The Indian climate, soil and irrigation facilities vary from region to region. India produces various cereals like wheat, barley, paddy, millet, jowar and maize. Even pulses like mung, tuver, gram, val and math are grown in India. Oilseeds like groundnut, sesame, rapessed, mustard, linseed and castor are grown here. India also grows beverages like tea, coffee and cocoa. Cotton, sugarcane, jute, tobacco, etc. are important cash crops of India.

India is a large producer of vegetables like potato, onion, cucumber, tomato, brinjal, etc. Fruits like bananas, mangoes, apples, pears, grapes, oranges, etc. are cultivated in India. Spices like cloves, cardamom, black pepper, etc. also grow on Indian land. Flowers like roses, mogra, jui, marigold, etc. are also grown in India. Thus, a large variety is seen in the agricultural production in India.

V. Fill in the blanks

1. ………….. is an agrarian country.
2. …………….. farm products are more in demand so that farmers also get a good return.
3. India stands second in the world after China in ……………. production.
4. ……………… is the most grown crop in the world after paddy and wheat.
5. In fruit production, ranks second after …………… .
Answer:
1. India
2. Organic
3. Rice (Paddy)
4. Maize
5. China

Gujarat Board Class 10 Social Science India: Agriculture Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Write notes on types of agriculture.
Answer:
Types of fanning:
(1) Subsistence farming: Farming done on small farms using simple and basic tools is called subsistence farming. The farmers doing this farming are very poor. So, they cannot afford good fertilizers, quality seeds and pesticides. The production out of this farming is so low that it is consumed mainly by the farmer and his family.

(2) Dry farming: Farming done by using the moisture accumulated within the land is known as diy farming. It is done is areas where rainfall is less and irrigation facilities are inadequate. Only one crop can be taken through diy farming. People who practice dry farming grow crops like jowar, millet and pulses which can grow with less water. In Gujarat, wheat and gram are grown in the humid soil after the monsoon is over.

(3) Wet farming: The farming practiced in areas receiving heavy rainfall or having good and adequate irrigational facilities is called wet farming. At least two crops are taken under wet farming. In case of less rain, the second crop is taken using irrigated water. Crops such as paddy, sugarcane, cotton, wheat and vegetables which require more water are grown using wet farming.

(4) Shifting (Jhoom) faming: In this type of farming, first a piece of forest land is cleared by cutting trees and burning tmnks and branches. After this, the crops are grown for two or three years. When the fertility of soil reduces the farmers leave the land and start farming with the same method in some other land. This type of farming is also called jhoom farming. Here, the per-hectare production is low. Cereals or vegetables are grown in this type of agriculture.

(5) Plantation agriculture: It means farming of trees or bush. A lot of capital, technological knowledge good fertilizer, irrigation facility, transport facility, managerial skills, etc. are needed for plantation agriculture. It also takes long time to grow plantation crops and requires lot of care. Rubber, tea, coffee, cocoa, spices, coconut and different fruits like apples, mangoes, oranges, amla (myrobalan), khaerek: (Khalela, dried date), etc. are grown through plantation agriculture. It is mainly practiced in hilly regions.

(6) Intensive farming: Farming done using mechanized tools, proper irrigation, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc. is known as intensive farming. Cash crops such as cotton, tobacco, rubber, etc. are grown more in this type of farming. Due to intensive farming, our per hectare production and net sown area has increased drastically. Here, economic return is given more importance and hence, it is also known as ‘Commercial farming’.

Question 2.
State the institutional reforms made in agrarian field.
Answer:
Subsidy The reforms in areas like land ownership, crop subsidy and sale of I farm produce are considered to be the institutional reforms in India.

Following institutional reforms have taken place in Indian Agriculture:
The government has abolished the zamindari system to stop the exploitation of farmers. It has framed the Land Tenancy Act under the concept of ‘land to the tiller’. This law gives the tillers to own the land on which they are tilling. The disparity among the landowners has been removed by Land Ceiling Act. Farmers are given financial help for crop subsidy by Kisan Credit Card and f by Nationalized and Cooperative Banks.

Under Prime Minister Crop Insurance Scheme (Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana), farmers can get their crops insured. The government provides financial assistance farmers in case the crops fail due to natural calamities like floods and famines. The government has developed a system to conduct open auction for the sale of farm products in the marketing yards. This system is transportation and communication, etc. are been provided so that the farmers can get the minimum support price of their farm products.

Following organizations are operating for the purchase of the farm products from the farmers at support prices :

1. National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED).
2. Gujarat Co-operative Oil Seeds Growers Federation (GROFED).
3. National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).

Question 3.
Write a note on ‘Global market and Indian agriculture’.
Answer:
India has adopted the policy of globalization under the economic reforms of 1991. One of the objectives of the policy was to enable the Indian farmer to sell his farm products in world markets and earn good profit.

Following are the impacts of globalization on Indian Agriculture.
Positive impact: Due to globalization many charges took place in Indian agriculture. The government has simplified the process to export or import crop productions which has helped Indian agriculture to reap the benefits of globalization.

For example, owing to government policies, we now export cotton, chilies and til to China and other countries. Similarly, fruits from various parts of the world are now available in Indian market. The costly ‘generally modified’ seeds sold by the multi-national companies are now available in India. Although use of these seeds is costly, but it has increased our production of cotton and maize.

Negative impacts: Our some products like turmeric are unique and sold globally. There is now strong need for India to patent such products at world level to save them. The negative aspect of easy imports is that Indian agricultural products now face foreign competition.

Moreover, to compete with international products in foreign market India will have to adopt new production technologies to increase production and productivity and improve quality. If we are unable to do so then this may pose a serous threat to export income and also prices of local production. As a result, India has to prepare itself for another Green Revolution to stand in competition with the foreign nations.

Question 4.
Describe the ‘Wheat crop of India’.
Answer:
Wheat is the second most important crop of our country after paddy. It is grown over 1 / 3rd area of arable land of India. Wheat is the staple diet of north and west India. It is now cultivated with mechanized methods. Hence, it can now be produced with less labour. After the Green Revolution, the wheat production has almost doubled.

Favorable conditions: Wheat is a rabi crop of temperate zone. It requires black or fertile loamy soil and more than 75 cm of annual rainfall. If proper irrigation is available, then wheat can also grow in the regions having lesser rainfall. Wheat cannot be grown in the area receiving more than 100 cm rainfall.

Producing States: Wheat cultivation is carried out mostly in Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh. These states produce about 2/3rd of the total national production. There are very good irrigation facilities in these states and hence the per hectare production of these states is quite good. Punjab is a land of five rivers.

So, there is a very strong canal water network and hence wheat is produced in abundance. Hence, Punjab is known as the ‘Wheat Bowl’ of India. Wheat is also produced in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal, etc. In Bhal region of Gujarat a variety called ‘Bhaliya wheat’ is produced. It is also produced in Mehsana, Rajkot, Junagadh, Kheda, etc.

Uses of Wlieat: It is the most nutritious of all grains. Hence, it is considered the best among all foodgrains used in our daily meal. Many items like roti, bhakhri, sev, shiro, lapsi, ladu, sukhadi, bread, puri, cake, biscuits etc. are prepared from wheat. Owing to all these reasons wheat is called the ‘King of Grains’.

Question 5.
State about the ‘Oil Seed Crops of India’.
Answer:
India grows almost all the oil seed crops. The major ones are discussed below:
(1) Groundnut: India ranks 2nd after China in the world in groundnut production. It grows well on black, vital and a mixture of loamy and sandy soil, land which would not retain water, 20° to 25° C temperature and 50-70 cm rainfall. Although groundnut is a Kharif crop, if proper irrigation facility is available then it can also grow during summer as a Zaid crop.

Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra are major producers of groundnut. Gujarat is the largest producer of groundnut in India. Junagadh, Gir, Somnath, Amreli, Rajkot, Bhavnagar, etc. are other major producers. Gujarat makes maximum use of groundnut oil as edible oil.

(2) Sesame Seeds / Til: Til is used as edible oil in almost entire world. India is the largest exporter of Til in the world. North India grows Til as a Kharif crop whereas south India f” as a Rabi crop and occasionally as Zaid crop. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh are major Til producing states. Gujarat ranks in India in terms of Til production and the area sown. Banaskantha region is the largest Til producing region of Gujarat.

(3) Mustard (Sarso): Mustard is a Rabi crop. It is quite impotant crop of North India. Mustard seed and its oil are used for edible and medicinal purposes. Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh are major producers of mustard.

(4) Coconut: It grows in hot and humid coastal climate and saline land. In India, the coconut plantations are found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andaman-Nicobar, etc. Gujarat’s coastal regions also grow coconut. In south India, coconut oil extracted from the coconut kernel and used as edible oil. Water of green coconutis widely used as a health drink.

(5) Castor Seed: Castor is both Kharif as well as a Rabi crop. India ranks first in castor production in the world. It produces 64% castor of the world. China is the second-largest and Brazil is the third-largest producer in the world. Out of India’s total production, about 80% is produced by Gujarat. Banaskantha, Patan, Sabarkantha, Rajkot, Junagadh, Amreli, etc. produce castor in small quantities. Castor is also produced in Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan.

II. Write to the point answer of the following questions.

Question 1.
Why there is more inclination for organic farming?
Answer:
The method of farming done without using any type of chemical fertilizer, urea, insecticides, etc. is known as organic farming.

• Things like crop waste, cow dung, earthworm fertilizer, compost fertilizer, etc. are used to maintain the nutrition of crops. Moreover, cow urine, neem solvents, buttermilk, etc. are used for protecting the crops from various pests.
• The demand for pure agricultural products is rising and so farmers have started adopting organic farming.
• It also earns more returns for the farmers and helps them to come out of poverty.

Need for Organic Farming: Today, farming extensively uses chemical fertilizers and the insecticides.

• Consuming crops produced by using uncontrolled and unregulated proportions of chemicals ruin the nutritive values of the crops.
• Moreover, they also cause damage to our body and also the environment. The chemicals also reduce the soil fertility.
• As a result, in long run, the productivity of the land decreases.
• On the other hand, since products are produced completely sign organic methods, they are full of nutrition.
• They contain natural taste, sweetness and aroma.
• They are rich in minerals, vitamins and life-energizing elements.

Question 2.
Give difference between Kharif crop and Rabi crop.
Answer:
On the basis of our seasons, we can divide the agricultural crops of India into three categories. They are:
(1) Kharif Crop
(2) Rabi Crop
(3) Zaid Crop

Kharif (monsoon) crop	Rabi (winter) crop	Zaid (summer) crop
Crops which are grown during rainy season are called Kharif crops.	Crops which are grown during winter are called Rabi crops.	Crops which are grown during summer are called Zaid crops.
These crops are grown from June-July to October-November.	These crops are grown from October-November to March-April.	These crops are grown from March to June.
Paddy, maize, jo war, millet, cotton, til, groundnut and mung math.	Example – Wheat, gram, barley, mus­tard, linseed, etc.	Example- watermelon, cucumber, musk mel­on, etc.

Question 3.
Describe the contribution of agriculture in the economy of India.
Answer:
Agriculture is the main occupation in India and feeds the giant Indian population.

• Today, the other sectors namely industry and service have made considerable progress.
• Even then, agriculture has a very high contribution in the Indian economy. Agriculture provides employment to about 50% of India’s population. It contributes about 17% to our total Gross Domestic Production (GDP).
• India ranks second in the world in terms of agricultural production.
• Crops like paddy, wheat, oilseeds, cotton, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, potatoes, etc. are major agricultural products of India and they help India earn quite a good amount of foreign exchange.
• Agriculture provides raw material to several industries like cotton textiles, sugar, paper, oil, food processing industries, etc.
• However, we are not able to contribute consistently in the world agriculture market because of irregular and uncertain rain and inadequate irrigation facilities.
• Agriculture has brought food security to India. Before we used to import foodgrains but sifter Green Revolution we have become self-sufficient in agriculture.

Question 4.
‘Paddy’ is the most important crop of India. Explain.
Answer:
Paddy is India’s most important crop. Majority of the world population and about half of India’s population use rice.

• In terms of paddy production, India stands 2nd in the world after China.
• Paddy is sown over 1/4 of our total sown area. Paddy is a crop of torrid zone.

III. Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1.
State the uses of maize.
Answer:
Maize contains starch, oil-protein, bio-fuel, etc. Hence, it is used more in industries. It is also used in making rotis, popcorn and edible oil. Usage of maize is now increasing as cattle and buffalo food.

Question 2.
State the favorable conditions for the growth of coffee.
Answer:
Coffee is grown on mountain slopes in the shades of large trees in such a way that direct sunlight does not falls on the coffee leaves. Coffee crop needs 150-200 cm rainfall, 15° C to 28° C temperature and sloppy mountain land.

Question 3.
Which type of farming is carried out in Bhal region and which crop is cultivated?
Answer:
The Bhal region of Gujarat produces a special variety of wheat called ‘Bhaliya wheat’.

Question 4.
What is meant by Green Revolution?
Answer:
The extraordinary increase in the agricultural production because of improved seed, increased Use of chemical fertilizers, intense efforts of the farmers, widespread arrangement for electricity distribution, improved facilities in irrigation, etc. is known as ‘Green Revolution’. It took place in India in the decade of 1960.

Achievements: Before Green Revolution, India was facing problem of acute shortage of foodgrains. In spite of being an agrarian country, India had to import-foodgrains. All this changed after Green Revolution. The main objective of the Green Revolution was to increase agricultural production. To do so, farmers were encouraged to use chemical fertilizers and insecticides too. This saved the crops from getting destroyed and increase land productivity. Due to Green Revolution, the production of wheat and rice increased drastically.

We became self-sufficient in foodgrains. The self-sufficiency in foodgrains is a landmark of historic achievement of Green Revolution. There was a time when famine was a regular problem that haunted Indian agriculture. This terror has almost vanished after the Green Revolution. Two major reasons that overcame this terror are drastic improvement in irrigation facilities and huge buffer stock of foodgrains produced due to Green Revolution.

Question 5.
Name the institutions working on agricultural research at National Level.
Answer:
Institutions like Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR) and Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) work at National level for research and development in agriculture.

IV. Select the correct option for each question.

Question 1.
Which of the following farming types has the lowest per hectare production ?
(a) Plantation
(b) Jhoom Cultivation
(c) Intensive Cultivation
(d) Wet Farming
Answer:
(b) Jhoom Cultivation

Question 2.
In which of the following farming types, the chemical fertilizers and insecticides are not used?
(a) Organic farming
(b) Mixed farming
(c) Plantation
(d) Sustainable farming
Answer:
(a) Organic farming

Question 3.
Which state produces maximum groundnut?
(a) Kerala
(b) Tamil Nadu
(c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Gujarat
Answer:
(d) Gujarat

Question 4.
From what is the chocolate made from?
(a) Til
(b) Cocoa
(c) Rubber
(d) Tea
Answer:
(b) Cocoa

Question 5.
In the production of which of the following condiments is Gujarat first ?
(a) Isabgul
(b) Fenugreek
(c) Mustard
(d) Corriander
Answer:
(a) Isabgul

Question 6.
Which of the following pulses is a rabi crop ?
(a) Udad
(b) Mung
(c) Gram
(d) Math
Answer:
(c) Gram

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