Gujarat Board Solutions Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Cultural Heritage of India: Traditional Handicraft and Fine Arts

Gujarat Board Solutions Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Cultural Heritage of India: Traditional Handicraft and Fine Arts

GSEB Solutions Class 10 Social Science Chapter 2 Cultural Heritage of India: Traditional Handicraft and Fine Arts

→ India is a country of rich cultural heritage.

→ It includes materialistic and genetic heritage.

→ Physical and mental characteristics from the parents by birth is known as Genetic inheritage.

→ Land, house, estate like properties obtained from ancestors is called Material heritage.

→ There are references of 64 arts in our ancient literature.

→ Art of Clay work: The whole life of men revolves around the clay from the cradle to the grave.

→ We have got many clay utensils of red colour that belonged to Lothal Mohanjodaro and Harappa culture.

→ India was famous for producing the utensils of baked clay as well as unbaked clay (Terracotta). This is known on the basis of remains of old and handmade clay utensils found from Nagarjuna Kaunda in south India and Laghnaj.

→ Art of weaving: The art of making long threads using small pieces of cotton from cotton balls and joining them together is called art of spinning.

→ Hand weaving: Since ancient time, India is known for its textile knowledge. Fine Muslin of Dhaka, carpet of several regions, knitting work on attires and artistry etc. occupied a prominent place.

→ Patola of Patan, Kanjivaram and Banarasi sarees, Bandhani of Rajasthan are unique identity of India. Patola of Patan is about 850 years of old art. It is known as Bevad Ikt.

→ Art of Embroidery: The work of embroidery can be seen on the clothes of the idols and statues which were found during the excavation of Harappa and Mohenjodaro. This art was seen on the clothes of men, women and children in Sindh, Saurashtra and Kachchh region at the time of Indus valley civilization.

→ Bandhani of Jamnagar, Jetpur, Bhuj and Mandvi of Gujarat are very popular. The traditional art of embroidery, torans, chakda, pillow cover, bedsheets, shakh, todaliya, clothes like dediya is well-known even today.

→ Embroidery work of ‘Jat’ community of Banni area of kachchh is also unique.

→ Leather Industry: Leather was prominently used for making ‘Masak’ and kos, drum, dholak, table and the bellows used by blacksmiths and various types of footware. It was also used for making belts to tie animals, etc.

→ Diamond-bead work and enamel work: Diamond studded ornaments have been in a great demand in foreign countries.

→ The world famous, diamonds like ‘Kohinoor’ and ‘Great’Mughal’ were found from India only.

→ Diamond, rubies, beads, emerald and topaz were used to adorn and beautify the thrones and crowns and jewellery like bracelets and garlands etc. of kings and queens.

→ Bead work is also found prominent in Gujarat.

→ The beautiful bead Toran pachit, pots, Bari, chakda, Indhoni, Modiya handfans, animal back covers, etc. are knitted in a unique artistic way.

→ Enamel work means the artistic skill of inlaying the bright colours like red, green and blue in the gold and silver ornaments like rings, bangles, earrings, key chains, chains, etc.

→ Experts of enamel work are seen especially in Jaipur, Delhi, Lucknow, Varanasi and Hyderabad.

→ Jari work: Golden and silver threads are woven with clothes and embroidery is done with gold and silver threads to decorate the clothes. Surat is a prominent place of Jari work.

→ Metal work: The artisans of Lothal made different weapons like sickles, drills and needles, etc. with copper and bronze. Also they prepared utensils, idols, and pots. Arms and ammunition for wars were made up of metal.

→ Wooden Art: Wood was used for different purposes like for making idols, toys for children, wooden pillars, windows and doors, small huts on top of the terrace, thrones, chairs and grills. Wooden furniture like swings and toys of Idar and Sankheda in Gujarat are well-known.

→ Inlay work: Indian kings, emperors, rulers and royal people of that time used to wear ornaments as necklaces, bracelets, crowns, rings, nose rings, etc were studded with precious like diamonds, pearls, rubies, etc. Bikaner area of Rajasthan is more popular for inlay ornaments.

→ Akik work: Akik is a kind of precious stone, especially found in valley areas of the river. It is chiefly chalcedonic mixed with silica blue or white stone. Camelian is main stone with semi-transparent quality and red in colour. In Gujarat it is available at Rangpur and Surat.

→ Painting: It is an art which can be expressed through lines and colours. We have evidence of Indian art of painting from the remains of 5000 years old Harappan culture. We have traces of .the pictures of animals and birds in the cave paintings of primitive man of stone age at Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh). Ajanta and Ellora caves are incomparable specimens of such paintings.

→ Music: Indian music is unique in the world from the viewpoint of tune, rhythm and harmony. Out of the four Vedas, Samveda is considered to be associated with music. Indian music can be divided in classical music and folk music. We have five main ragas in classical music:

• Shree
• Deepak
• Hindol
• Megh
• Bhairavi.

→ It is believed that all these ragas naturally came out of the Panchmukh of Lord Shiva. In ancient India many texts were written on music.

• Sangeet Makarand: A music scholar Narad had written it about 900 BC. It describes 19 veenas and 101 rhythms.
• Sangeet Ratnakar: This was written by Pandit Sarangdev who lived in Daulatabad. Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande considered it the most authentic in music.
• Sangeet Parijat: Pandit Ahobale had written this in 1665 on Northern Hindustani music. It describes 29 types of tunes.

→ Art of Dance: The word ‘Nritya’ has been derived from the original Sanskrit word ‘Nrit’. Shiva is considered the originator and the lord of ‘Dance’ and said to be ‘Natraj’. India has wide variety of traditional classical dances such as Bharatnatyam, Kuchipudi, Kathak, Kathakali, Odissi and Manipuri.

→ Dramatic art: It is amalgamation of all the arts. Describing it Bharatmuni says,” There is no sculpture, there is no knowledge, there is no deed which is lacking in dramatic art”. The first drama of Bharatmuni was ‘Devasur
Sangram’. He has also written dramas like ‘Kamabhar’, ‘Urubhanga’, ‘Dutvakyam’ based on Mahabharata.

→ Kalidas gifted us plays like ‘Abhigyan Shakuntalam Vikramovarvashiyam and Malvikagnimitram.

→ The name of Jayshankar Sundari is foremost in the dramatic art of Gujarati.

→ Bhavai: It is special dramatic art that started 700 years ago by Asait Thakar. This art which has been providing public education along with entertainment at the economical rate, promoted during Solanki era.

→ Characters disguised in the form of Ramdev, Jhanda Jhulan, Kajoda, etc. are the main features of Bhavai.

→ The characters like Rangla-Rangli are used to programmes like girls education, save the girl- child etc.

→ Dances of Gujarat: Tribal dance of Gujarat is seen at the time of festivals, marriages, fairs and to please the God-Goddesses. Dances like Mali No Chaalo and Thakryo Chaalo, are seen in Dang. Tippani Dance of labourers performed by Bhil and Koli communities dancers.

→ Garba: The word Garba is derived from the word ‘Garbh deep’. Earthen lamp is placed in a holed earthen pot. Dancers keep it on their head and move around in circle. Garbas are performed during Navratri festival.

→ Gujarati people perform and sing garba to worship and pray Aadya Shakti (Durga). Gujarati poetry known as Garba and Garbi are chiefly associated with Krishna-bhakti.

→ Rasa: This dance is to be performed in circle along with singing. There is a story that Lord Krishna had shown ‘Rasa Lila’ to devotee Narsinh Mehta. The other dances of Gujarat are Gof Gunthan, Dhamaal of Siddis, Merayo, Padhar Kali and Mer.

→ Thus, Indian culture is universal assimilating all. As a result of arrival of various tribes, many changes occurred. This shows rich and varied heritage of India.

Cultural Heritage of India: Traditional Handicraft and Fine Arts Class 10 GSEB Important Terms

• Genetic Inheritance: A child inherits physical and mental characteristics from the parents by birth is known as genetic inheritance.

• Material Inheritance: House, land, estates like properties obtained from ancestors is called
material inheritance.

• World Yoga Day: Today the education of Yoga has been considered as a part of cultural heritage
which has been accepted by the whole world. Consequently 21th June is celebrated as ‘World Yoga Day’.

• Terracotta: It is a brownish-red clay that has been baked and is used for making things like pots, ornaments, etc.

• Tuti-e-Hind: During the time of Alauddin Khalaji, the contribution given by Amir Khusro in the field of music and poetry has came to be known as “Tuti-e-Hind”.

• Bhavai: Scripts writers have said the Bhavai is an emotion oriented drama.

• Rasa: Rasa is dance to be performed in circle along with singing.

• Chado Dance: Imitations of birds like peacocks, squirrels, sparrows are seen in this tribal dance. For example, Mali no Chaalo, Thakyro Chaalo of Dang.

• Shramhjari Tippani Dance: This dance is performed by labourers of Bhil and Koli communities in which dancers perform dance in group on the set of thick stick which are joined with small sticks stuck to the ground.

• Gof Gunthan Dance: In this dance of Gujarat, it is performed on drumbeats and taal and laya of music tying rope with mandapa, pillar, tree and holding the other end in the hand in group holding the rope in one hand and dandiya in other. They make cripper life formation going one inside and other coming outside repeatedly in a circle. This is called Gof Gunthan Dance.

• Traditions: The customs having all values and life-style continues from the ancestors that can be obtained either traditionally or as a heritage are called traditions.

Gujarat Board Class 10 Social Science Cultural Heritage of India: Traditional Handicraft and Fine Arts Additional Important Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Question 1.
Which matters are included in reference to the Indian cultural heritage?
(a) Traditions started by ancestors in the society
(b) Customs and rituals
(c) Special type of lifestyle
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 2.
Which of the following names is associated with the production of things of baked clay and utensils?
(a) Modhera
(b) Vadnagar
(c) Patna
(d) Laghnaj
Answer:
(d) Laghnaj

Question 3.
Which of the following statements is not correct for the art of embroidery?
(a) Kashmiri work famous.
(b) Printing on clothes and embroidery have been a cottage industry among the ladies of Kachchh – Saurashtra.
(c) Forest dwellers of Banni region of Kachchh have unique speciality in embroidery.
(d) The traditional art of embroidery on chandarva, chakda, shakh, toran and pillow covers and bed sheets is also famous today.
Answer:
(c) Forest dwellers of Banni region of Kachchh have unique speciality in embroidery.

Question 4.
In Banni area of Kachchh, embroidery of which community possesses unique characteristics?
(a) Khasi
(b) Kirat
(c) Nishad
(d) Jat
Answer:
(d) Jat

Question 5.
Identify the leather industry.
(a) Torans, necklace, ghunghru, kalash or pitcher
(b) Jupiter, emerald, sapphire, ruby
(c) Needle, hacksaw, sickle, poker
(d) Footwear, belt, wallets, palan
Answer:
(d) Footwear, belt, wallets, palan

Question 6.
Which of the following statements is not correct?
(a) Patan is famous for inlay work.
(b) Arms and ammunition for wars were made up of metal.
(c) Bikaner area of Rajasthan is more popular for inlay ornaments.
(d) Wood furniture like swings and toys of idar and Sankheda in Gujarat are well known.
Answer:
(a) Patan is famous for inlay work.

Question 7.
Which of the following statements is not correct for Akik work?
(a) Akik is a kind of precious stone, chiefly chalcedonic mixed with silica blue or white stone.
(b) Silica gets ready by weather and water processes.
(c) Akik stones are found at Surat, Khambhat, Ahmedabad and Ranpur regions of Gujarat.
(d) Akik stones are sent out Surat to mould into various beautiful ornaments.
Answer:
(d) Akik stones are sent out Surat to mould into various beautiful ornaments.

Question 8.
One pair of the following is not correct:
(a) Length of sea coast of India-7516.6 km.
(b) Great Mughal and Kohinoor – Diamond
(c) Precious stone – Sapphire and Jupiter
(d) Enamel work – Carnelian and chalcedonic
Answer:
(d) Enamel work – Carnelian and chalcedonic

Question 9.
Which of the following statements is not correct for art of music?
(a) Indian music is unique from the viewpoint of tunes, rhythm and harmony.
(b) Singing and instrumental both are included in music.
(c) Richas of Rigveda are sung with tune and rhythm.
(d) Our music can be divided into two parts i.e. classical music and folk music.
Answer:
(a) Indian music is unique from the viewpoint of tunes, rhythm and harmony.

Question 10.
Who is considered as the founder of ‘Natya Vidhya mandir’ and ‘natmandal’ in Gujarat?
(a) Asait Thakar
(b) Amrut Nayak
(c) Jaswant Thakar
(d) Jayshankar Sundari
Answer:
(d) Jayshankar Sundari

II. Very Short Type Questions.

Question 1.
What does ‘genetic inheritance’ mean?
Answer:
A child inherits physical and mental characteristics from the parents. This is known as ‘genetic inheritance’.

Question 2.
What is the meaning of ‘material heritage’?
Answer:
Land, houses, estates like properties obtained from ancestors is called material heritage.

Question 3.
How many arts of India were famous in ancient time? Give examples.
Answer:
In ancient India, 64 arts were famous in India. It includes handicrafts, skills, art, drawing, music, dramatic art, dance, etc.

Question 4.
Which device is known as the first device for clay work of India?
Answer:
The Potter’s wheel is considered to be the first device for clay work in India.

Question 5.
From where were the clay utensils found from Gujarat.
Answer:
The clay utensils were found from Laghnaj in Mehsana district of Gujarat.

Question 6.
Who created a new history by joining spinning and weainng under Swadeshi movement in India?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 7.
How old is the art of making Patolas?
Answer:
The art of making Patola is more than 850 years old.

Question 8.
Which cities of Gujarat are famous for ‘Bandhani’?
Answer:
Jamnagar, Jetpur, Bhuj and Mandevi of Gujarat are famous for ‘Bhandani’.

Question 9.
Which types of designs do we find on ‘Bandhani’?
Answer:
We find beautiful designs of elephants, puppets, dice and pitcher (kalash) on ‘Bandhani’.

Question 10.
Which community of Kachchh has wonderful achievement in embriodery?
Answer:
The ‘Jat’ community of Banni area.

Question 11.
Why has there been a wide use of diamonds and gems in India?
Answer:
India is surrounded by coastline from three sides and it has 7516.6 km. long coastline. So, there has been wide use of diamonds and gems in India.

Question 12.
Which world-famous diamonds were found from India?
Answer:
The world-famous diamonds like ‘Kohinoor’ and ‘Great Mughal’ were found from India.

Question 13.
Give the meaning of’Jari work’.
Answer:
The art of decorating clothes by weaving golden and silver threads in known as Jari work.

Question 14.
For what is Idhar famous for?
Answer:
Idar is famous for wooden toys.

Question 15.
Explain the meaning of Akik (Jade).
Answer:
Akik is a kind of precious stone found in river valleys. It is mainly chalcedonic mixed with silica, blue or white stone.

Question 16.
Which are the incomparable specimens of the art of painting?
Answer:
The paintings of Ajanta and Ellora caves are incomparable specimens of the art of paintings.

Question 17.
What is the special feature of Indian culture?
Answer:
Singing, playing, dancing and performing roles of different characters, etc.

Question 18.
How is Indian music different from the music of other countries of the world?
Answer:
Indian music is unique in terms of tune, rhythm and harmony from the music of other countries of the world.

Question 19.
What does dance mean?
Answer:
The realization of beauty with ‘Taal’ and ‘Laya’ (rhythm) and harmony means dance.

Question 20.
Who is considered as the Lord of dance?
Answer:
Lord Shiva (Natraj) is considered as the Lord of dance.

Question 21.
Which is the origin of Bharatnatyam dance style?
Answer:
The origin of Bharatnatyam dance style is Tanjor district in TamilNadu.

Question 22.
Which are the original sources (books) of Bharatnatyam?
Answer:
The original sources of Bharatnatyam are:

• ‘Abhinav Darpan’ written by Nandikesh war
• ‘Natyashashtra’ written by Bharatmuni.

Question 23.
When was Kuchipudi dance style created?
Answer:
Kuchipudi dance style was created in 15th century.

Question 24.
Karthakali s a famous dance style of which place?
Answer:
Kathakali is a famous dance style of Kerala.

Question 25.
Which line is associated with Kathak dance style?
Answer:
‘Kathan kare so kathak kahave’ is associated with Kathak dance style.

Question 26.
With what did the Kathak dance style develop? ”
Answer:
Kathak dance style developed with ‘Shrungar Bhakti’ of Vaishnav community.

Question 27.
Mention the types ofManipuri dance.
Answer:
Manipuri dance is divided into two types:

• Lasya
• Tandev

Question 28.
What is the unique feature of Indian dramatic art?
Answer:
Presenting Sanskara with entertainment is the unique feature of Indian Dramatic Art.

Question 29.
What is the identity of Indian dramatic art?
Answer:
Anchor and funny pair of clowns extending pleasure to people is the identity of Indian dramatic art.

Question 30.
Whose name is foremost in the dramatic art of Gujarati?
Answer:
The name of Jayshankar Sundari is foremost in the dramatic art of Gujarati.

Question 31.
By which other name do script writers recognize Bhavai as?
Answer:
Script writers recognize ‘Bhavai’ as emotion oriented drama.

Question 32.
When is the tribal dance of Gujarat seen?
Answer:
The tribal dance of Gujarat is seen at the time of festivals, marriages, fairs and to please the God and Goddesses.

Question 33.
Generally when is Rasa performed in Gujarat?
Answer:
Generally, Rasa is performed during festivals like Navaratri and Jammashtami.

Question 34.
Why has Rasa becomes more popular?
Answer:
Rasa has become more popular due to increasing influence of Vaishnav sect.

Question 35.
What is ‘Mashira’?
Answer:
The siddhis use a musical instrument called ‘Mashira’ while performing Dhamaal dance. Mashira is a coconut shell containing wampums inside and covered with cloth.

III. Short Answer Type Question

Question 1.
State the various ancient uses of clay.
Answer:
Potters used to make toys, pots, pitchers, earthen lamps, clay stove (chulha), etc. Clay was also used in making utensils to store grains, milk, ghee, curd and buttermilk. Most of the kitchen wares were made up to clay. Mixture of clay and cow-dung was also used to plaster the walls of the houses and making kubas (huts).

Question 2.
What is terracotta? Where were the evidences of terracotta utensils found?
Answer:
Utensils made from unbaked and backed clay are known as terracotta earthenware. Evidences of ancient handmade terracotta utensils were found at Nagaijuna Kaunda in South India and Laghnaj in Mehsana district.

Question 3.
Give a brief idea about hand weaving of India.
Answer:
India is well-known for its excellence in textile since ancient times. Ancient India’s Dhaka region was famous for producing fine muslin cloth. It was so delicate and fine that its whole big piece (taka) could easily pass through a ring and could fit in a match box size. India was also quite famous for its carpets, knitting work and other artistic weaving works. Among them Patola of Patan, Kanjivaram and Banarasi sarees, Bandhani of Rajasthan are some of the most unique works of India.

Question 4.
What is enamel work? Where can we find artisans for enamel work in India?
Answer:
The artistic skill of inlaying bright colours like red, green and blue in the gold silver ornaments like rings, bangles, earring, key chain, chain, etc. is known as enamel work. India is the only country in the world where expertise can be seen in enamel work over and above the gold and silver work. Expert artisans for enamel work are found abundantly in Jaipur, Delhi, Lucknow, Varanasi and Hyderabad.

Question 5.
Give a brief idea about the jari work of India.
Answer:
The art of weaving and doing embroidery on the clothes with golden and silver threads is called jari work. This work is seen in India since ancient time. People used to decorate their clothes with jari work. Surat was a leading centre for jari work. Knitting and embroidery done through jari work is extremely beautiful and gives the garment a unique identity. Artisans of Surat were expert in making beautiful dresses like saree, panetar, gharchola, etc. bordered with jari.

Question 6.
Give a brief idea about the metal work of ancient India.
Answer:
Metal work refers to an art form of India. The evidence of metal work during the ancient time have been found in several parts of India. The artisans of Lothal made different weapons like sickles, drills (curved saws) and needles, etc. With copper and bronze, they also used to make utensils, idols and pots. In the ancient India, arms and ammunition for wars were made up of metal. Gold and silver were used for making ornaments. Copper brass and bronze were used to make utensils and idols. Iron was used to make several instruments and weapons.

Question 7.
Briefly describe the wooden art.
Answer:
Man first used wood for fire. With time, he started using wood in several other activities. He used wood in making weapons, construction of buildings and also other construction work. Later, wood was used for different purposes like for making idols, toys for children, pillars, windows and doors, small huts on top of the terrace, thrones, chairs and grills. Owing of the wide use of Wood, its beautification through the way of carving began. Wooden swings and toys of Idar and Sankheda in Gujarat are quite well- known.

Question 8.
Give a brief idea about inlay work.
Answer:
The art of studding metal pieces or stones in gold, glass, or other material is known as inlay work. This work is a very ancient art of India. Indian kings, emperors, rulers and royal families used to wear ornaments such as necklace, bracelet, crown, ring, nose ring, damni (tiko), etc. studded with precious gems like diamonds, pearls, rubies, etc. Bikaner area of Rajasthan is quite popular for inlay ornaments.

Question 9.
Give a brief introduction about Amir Khusro.
Answer:
Amir khusro was a sufi musician, poet and scholar. He was an iconic figure in the cultural history of Indian music during the reign of Allauddin Khalji. Owing to his tremendous contribution in music and poetry, he was known as Tuti-e-Hind (Parrot of India) in Indian history.

Question 10.
Explain briefly the bhakti sangeet of India.
Answer:
Bhakti movement started in India in 15 th and 16th century. Bhakti Sangeet of Chaitanya Mahhaprabhu, Kabir, Tulsidas, Mirabai and Narsinh Mehta, etc. was quite famous. The disciples of Swami Haridas, Baiju Bavra (Baijnath), Tansen and duet Gujarati girls namely Tana and Rigi are considered as rare jewels of music of 15th century.

Question 11.
What is nritya? Who gave the concept of nritya?
Answer:
Nritya means ‘to dance’ or simply ‘dance’. The word ‘nritya’ has been derived from the Sanskrit word ‘nrit’. Dance in combination with ‘taal’ and laya (i.e. rhythm and harmony) makes one realize aesthetic joy. As per Indian mythology, Lord Shiva is considered the originator of dance. In Sanskrit, Natraj means the originator of dance. Hence, Lord Shiva is also called ‘Nataraj’. It is believed that Lord Shiva brought it from the heaven to the earth to teach the people the concept of dance. India has a wide variety of traditional classical dances. Some of them are:

1. Bharatnatyam
2. Kuchipudi
3. Kathakali
4. Kathak
5. Manipuri and
6. Odissi.

Question 12.
What is Rasa? Explain.
Answer:
Rasa is a dance to be performed in circle along with singing. It is mainly performed in Gujarat. As per Gujarati mythology, Lord Krishna had shown ‘Rasa Leela’ to devotes (Bhakt) Narsinh Mehta. Rasa is mostly performed during Navratri and Janmashtami festivals. Dandiya Rasa is one of its types. However, some people also perform rasa by placing earthen pots on their heads. Rasa has become more popular with increasing influence of Vaishnav sect. Women wear traditional dresses like embroidered chaniya-choli and men wear embroidered kediya-dhoti while performing rasa.

Question 13.
Write a note on Gof Gunthan dance.
Answer:
Gof Gunthan dance is a form of Rasa. It is performed on drumbeats and taal and laya of music. The performers tie one end of rope with mandapa, pillar or tree and hold the other end in the hand. They then perform dance in group holding the rope in one hand and dandiya in the other. While dancing they make creeper like formation where in one goes inside and the other comes outside. This is repeatedly done forming a circle. This way they make and open the Gunthan of rope tied with the pillar, Hence, this style of dance is called Gof Gunthan dance.

Question 14.
Explain Dhamaal dance.
Answer:
The Siddi (Habsi) are an ethnic group currently inhabiting in the Jambur village of Gir area of Gujarat. They originally belonged to Africa. ‘Siddi Dhamaal’, popularly known as- ‘Dhamaal’, is a unique dance form of the Siddi people. This dance was earlier also called the ‘Mashira Nritya’. It was performed after returning from a successful hunt of wild animals from the forest. They perform dance by rhythmically striking Mashira (coconut shell containing earthen lamp inside, covered with a cloth), wearing peacock feathers and holding small drums in hands forming a circle. They dance with high and low pitch of ‘HO- HO’ sound which echoes in the whole forest. They dance in a group imitating the voice of birds and animals.

Question 15.
Write a brief note on akik work.
Answer:
Akik is a kind of precious stone which is generally found in river valleys. It is a chalcedonic variant of quartz. Chalcedony is silica blue or white quartz. Carnelian, is a well-known variety of chalcedonic. It is a red coloured semi-transparent beautiful stone.

In Gujarat, various precious stones are available in big and small size at Ahmedabad, Ranpur and Surat. All these stones are sent to Khabhat for converting into various beautiful ornaments.

IV. Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a note on patola.
Answer:
The Solanki Era was the golden era for Gujarat. India’s weaving work developed quite well in that era. During the reign of Siddharaj Jaysingh, many artisans (weavers) came and settled in Patan and started making patola sarees. The art of patola is more than 850 years old. Patola is a double ikt i.e. ‘bevad ikt’ woven saree (ikt means weaving). The unique characteristic of this saree is that it has exactly same design on both the sides. Hence, one can wear it from either side.

Patola sarees are extremely durable and their colours remain intact even after several years. Owing to these unique characteristics it is said on Gujarati that which means the design in Patola shall never fade even if the cloth gets tom. Owing to such unique characteristics the Patola of Patan became world famous. Making patola sarees is an extremely complicated and time demanding art. Today, only a handful of artisans have the skill to create patolas.

Question 2.
Write a detailed note on Gujarat art of embroidery.
Answer:
When excavation was done at Haraooa and Mohenjodaro, idols and statues found has embroidered clothes. This proves that the art of embroidery is quite ancient in India. The art of embroidery was also quite famous in the ancient time for the clothes of women, men and even children. This art of embroideiy would be seen on the clothes of men, women and children in Sindh, Saurashtra and Kachchh region at the time of the Indus civilization.

Similarly, Kashmiri (Kasab) work is also well-known. Over and above embroideiy, Bandhani of Jamnagar, Jetpur, Bhuj and Mandvi of Gujarat are very popular. The traditional style of lustrous Bandhani having beautiful designs of elephant, puppet, dice and pitcher are quite popular even today. The women of Kachchh and Saurashtra regions of Gujarat have dominated the cottage industry of embroidery in these regions. The traditional art of embroideiy, torans, chakda, pillow cover, bed sheet, shakh, todaliya and clothes like kediya are well-known even today. This work is also carried out on quilts and shawls. Embroidery work of ‘Jat’ community of Banni area of Kachchh is unique and appreciated worldwide.

Question 6.
What is painting?
Answer:
Painting is the supreme form of arts. It can be expressed through geometrical lines, designs and colours. The aim of painting as an art is to imitate the animate and inanimate objects of nature and then express them through creative geometrical lines, designs and colours. Evidence of Indian art of painting has been found from the remains of 5000 years old Harappan culture.

Archaeologists discovered various types of painting during excavation work. We also have traces of cave paintings at Bhimbetka (M.P.) These were made by the primitive man during the Stone Age. The paintings contained pictures of animals and birds. Ancient people used to draw geometrical designs and sketches of elephants, rhinoceros, deer, flowers, etc. Among them paintings of Ajanta- Ellora are the most unique and incomparable.

India has a long tradition of drawing sketches of swastik, Kalash (pitcher), Lord Ganesha, at the time of festivals and celebrations. People of some regions also have age old tradition of making rangolis.

Question 4.
Give a brief introduction about Indian music.
Answer:
Indian music is quite unique in terms of tune, rhythm and harmony. Hence, it is veiy different from the music of other countries. Samveda which is one of the four vedas, is associated with music. ‘Richas’ i.e. mantras of Samveda are sung with tune and rhythm of music. Music is such an art which involves both singing and playing. There are seven vowels (sur) of music. They are. SA, RE, GA, MA, PA, DHA, NI. Indian music can be divided mainly into two parts. They are:

• Classical music and
• Folk music.

Classical music consists of five main ragas. They are:

1. Shree
2. Deepak
3. Hindol
4. Megh and
5. Bhairavi.

As per mythology, all these five ragas came out naturally from the panchmukh of Lord Shiva. Out of the various texts written on music during ancient times, the famous ones are:

1. Sangeet Makarand,
2. Sangeet Ratnakar and
3. Sangeet Parijat.

Question 5.
What do you know about Sanskrit and Gujarati dramas.
Answer:
Sanskrit dramas: In Sanskrit . literature, we have various well renowned dramatists. Bhas (the poet of poets) has written Sankrit dramas namely ‘Karnabhar’, ‘Urubhanga’ and ‘Dutvakyam’ which are based on Mahabharata. Poet Kalidas has gifted us plays like ‘Abhigyan Shakuntalam, Vikramorvashiyam and Malvikagnimitram. Over and above these many other dramstists also enriched the dramatic art in Sanskrit.

Gujarati dramas: Jayshankar Sundari is the most prominent name in Gujarati dramas. Amrut Nayak, Bapulal Nayak, Dina Pathak, Jashwant Thakar, Upendra Trivedi, Pravin, Joshi, Deepak Gheewala, etc. are also quite popular personalities in this field. It should be well noted that regional dramas have also contributed significantly in this art.

V. Write whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Natural heritage is a gift of nature.
2. We all are children of Lokmata.
3. Negritoit tribe belongs to Africa.
4. Indian tribe loves water since prehistoric period.
5. Amamath and Kedarnath are peaks in Himalayas.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. False

VI. Answer the following events as per their time.

1. Sabarmati Ashram and Dandi
2. Discovery of zero in India
3. The statue of Gautam Buddha in a meditative form
4. Sculpture of a bearded man and the statue of a dancer
5. Patangotsav and Kankaria Carnival – Ahmedabad

Answer:
(4), (3), (2), (1), (5)

VII. Fill in the Blanks.

1. A child inherits physical and mental characteristics from the parents by
   birth. This is known as ……………. heritage.
2. Land, houses estates like properties obtained from ancestors is called …………….. heritage.
3. There are references of ……………. arts in our ancient literature.
4. 21st June is celebrated as ……………… all over the World.
5. ……………….. can be considered as the first tool for clay work.

Answer:

1. specific
2. material
3. 64
4. World Yoga Day
5. Potter’s Wheel.

VIII. Identify me

1. I am considered as famous dance of Kerala.
2. Script writers recognise us as emotion- originated dramas.
3. I have two types i.e. Lasya and Taoriginated from dance.
4. I express emotions of nature through lines and colours.
5. I am known as the centre for inlay ornaments.

Answer:

1. Kathakali
2. Bhavai
3. Manipuri dance
4. Painting
5. Bikaner

IX. Match the following

Answer:

1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (a)

Gujarat Board Class 10 Social Science Cultural Heritage of India: Traditional Handicraft and Fine Arts Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in detail.

Question 1.
Explain clay work of ancient Indian heritage.
Answer:
There has been a close relation between man and clay since ancient time. The use of clay was so much in that period that whole life Of a person revolved around clay. Since, metal was not invented almost everything was made of clay. Potter’s wheel served as the key equipment for making things out of clay. Potters used to make toys, pots, pitchers, earthen lamps, clay stoves (chulhas), etc. Clay was also used in making utensils to store grains, milk, curd and buttermilk. Most of the kitchen wares were made up of clay.

Mixture of clay and cow-dung was also used to plaster the walls of the houses and making kubans (huts). Evidence of red coloured clay utensils of ancient period has been found in Lothal, Mohen-jodaro and Harappa. We can also see use of clay items like pots for storing water and ‘garba’ (pitcher) having holes containing earthen lamp inside) in Navratri. Ancient India was quite well-known for producing utensils of unbaked and baked clay i.e. terracotta. Evidence of ancient handmade terracotta utensils were found at Nagaijuna kaunda in South India and Laghnaj in Mehsana district. Thus, India’s clay work is extremely ancient and still practised widely.

Question 2.
Leather work is a very old art of India. Explain.
Answer:
Ancient India made use of the dead animal skin to make various products. When the animal died, its skin was processed in a traditional manner and converted into leather which was then used to make several useful products. Initially, leather was mainly used for making ‘masak’ and ‘kos’. Later, it was also used in making musical instruments like drum, dholak and table, etc. It was also used in making footwear, leather belts to tie animals and to make shields used for wars. Saaj, palan, lagaam and whip, etc. for animals like horses and camels were also made for leather. Hence, we can say that leather had a prominent place in ancient Indian Art.

Question 3.
Give introduction of Sangeet Ratnaka?.
Answer:
Pandit Sarangdev of Daulatabad (Devgiri) wrote Sangeet Ratnakar. He was quite familiar with the music of south and north India. Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande considers Sangeet Ratnakar as the most authentic book on music. It is considered to be the finest text for understanding music.

Question 4.
Give information about Kathakali dance.
Answer:
Kathakali is believed to be originated in Kerala and is very famous dance there. In Malayalam language, the word ‘katha’ means story and ‘Kali’ means play. So, Kathakali is a form of narrating story while performing (playing) dance. The word Kathakali has been derived from the dramas based on ancient epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata composed in Sanskrit and Malayalam languages.

Males perform this dance. They wear beautiful plaited attires and artistic crowns. They show various facial expressions and the audience understands the characters that the dancers are playing. In this dance, the stage is lit only with an earthen lamp. So, the dancers come near the lamp and show various expressions. So that people can see their movements and recognize the characters they are playing.

Poet Shri Vallathod (founder, Kalamandal Kathakali) of Kerala, Kalamandalam, Krishnprasad and Shivaraman, etc. have earned great national and international fame in Kathakali dance.

II. Write answers of the following questions point-wise.

Question 1.
Explain the progress of Dancing art of India?
Answer:
Dance in India exists since ancient time. Various dance forms exists in India. A few of the classical dances are discussed below:
(1) Bharatnatyam:
‘Natyashastra’ by Bharatmuni and ‘Abhinav Darpan’ by Nadikeshwar are . two books which are considered to be the original source of Bharatnatyam.

(2) Kuchipudi:

• This dance form dance originated in 15th century. It is quite famous in Andhra Pradesh.
• This dance is majorly based on describing women’s beauty.
• Guru Prahlad Sharma, Raja Reddy, Shobha Naidu, etc. are some of the well- known dancers who have preserved this ancient dance.

(3) Kathakali:
(Refer to previous questions number 4).

(4) Kathak:

• Kathak originated in northern India.
• It is developed by ‘Shrungar Bhakti’ done by the Vaishnav community of north India.
• This style of dance has been kept alive by Pandit Shrit Biiju Maharaj, Sitara Devi, Kumudini Lakhia, etc.

(5) Manipuri dance:

• Manipuri dance originated from Manipur in east India.
• This dance style is mainly based on Ras Leela and Bal Leela of Shri Krishna.
• Manipuri dance is divided into two types, i.e., Lasya and Tandav.
• Guru Amobisingh, Atombosingh, Guru Bipin Sinha, Nayna Zaveri, Nirmal Mehta, etc. have gained worldwide fame in Manipuri dance.
• People of various states perform these dances on various occasions. They have taken these dances from to international levels.

Question 2.
Give information about Garba and Garbi of Gujarat.
Answer:
Garba:

• The word Garba is derived from the word ‘Garbh deep’ i.e. Garbh lamp.
• In this form of dance, the dancers keep an earthen lamp in a holed earthen pot. They keep the pot on their heads and dance by moving around in circle.
• People of entire Gujarat dance on the tunes of Garba during Navratri which is a festival of nine days.
• Navratri as per Hindu calendar is celebrated between ‘Aso Sud Ekam to Aso Sud Navmi or at times upto Dasam’. People also perform this dance during Sharad Pumima.
• Gujarati people perform and sing garba to worship and pray Adhya Shakti (Goddess of Power) mother Jagdamba).
• Generally, people perform Garba in the open ground encircling ‘mataji’s mandvi’. The dancers strike hands and dance on the beats of drums and dhols.
• Gujarati poetry known as Garba and Garbi are basically associated with Krishna-bhakti.
• Gujarati poet Dayaram write several poems based on ‘Radha-Krishna’ love.
• The female singers of Gujarat are mesmerized with these poems and they sing them during Garbas.

Question 3.
Describe the art of Diamond, Bead Work and Enamel work of India and Gujarat.
Answer:
India has 7516.6 km long coastline surrounding three directions i.e. east, west and south. As a result, diamonds and beads Eire avaiilable in plenty.

• India has been fond of using gems Emd diamonds since Eincient times.
• Diamond studded ornaments were in a great demand even in foreign countries.
• So, India traded gems and beads with various countries through the sea route via its long coastline.
• Owing to both domestic and international demands, India’s diamond and bead industry flourished extensively.
• India was home to some of the biggest and rarest diamonds including the world famous ‘Kohinoor’ and ‘Great Mughal’.
• Since the diamonds, beads Eind rare stones were very costly, so mainly Kings, rulers or rich class people used them. These people wore jewellery made of gold studded with beads and diamonds.
• Diamonds, rubies, beads, emerald Emd -topaz were used to beautify the thrones and crowns.
• Gujarat is quite famous for beadwork.
• Beautiful bead torans, necklace, pacchit, kalash (pots), bari (window grills-frames) ‘chakda’ (a traditional wall piece), (Lagna na nariyel) decorative coconut used at the time of ceremonies ‘Indhoni’, Modiya’ (a net which covers the mouth of a bullock, horns) hand fans, EmimEil back covers (Jhool), etc.

Enamel work:

• The artistic skill of inlaying bright colours like red, green and blue in the gold-silver ornaments like rings, bangles, earrings, key chains, chains, etc. is known as Enamel work.
• India is the only country in the world where expertise can be seen in the enamel work, apart from the gold and silver work.
• Expert artisans of enamel work are found abundantly in Jaipur, Delhi, Lucknow, Varanasi Emd Hyderabad.

Question 4.
Describe the tribal dance of Gujarat.
Answer:
Tribal Dance of Gujarat: People of tribal areas arid communities perform tribal dEmce during festivals, marriages, fairs and to please the God- Goddesses.

• They dance in circle form mostly on the tunes of various traditional musical instruments like drum, traditional mEmjira, dholak and songs of regional languages.
• In a tribal dance form ‘Chado’, the dancers imitate different birds like peacock, squirrel Emd sparrow.
• We can see this ‘Chado’ form of dance in Dang area of Gujarat. ‘Mali No Chado’ End ‘ThEtkryo Chado’ are two such dance forms seen in Dang.
• The labourers of Bhil and Koli communities perform a form of dance called ‘Tippsmi dance’.
• In this dance, the dancers dance in a group oh the set of thick sticks which are joined with small sticks. They then strike this sticks to the floor and dance.

III. Answers of the following questions in brief.

Question 1.
Name the writers of’Sangeet Ratnakar’ and ‘Sangeet Parijat’.
Answer:
Sangeet Ratnakar: Pandit Sarangdev of Daulatabad (Devgiri) wrote Sangeet Ratnakar. He was quite familiar with the music of south and north India.

Sangeet Parijat: Pandit Ahobale wrote Sangeet Parijat in 1665. It is based on Northern Hindustani music. It is considered a very important book on music.

Question 2.
What is theprocessfoUowedin spinning?
Answer:
The art of making long threads using small cotton pieces from cotton balls (swab) and joining them together is called art of spinning.

Question 3.
Name the items of metal prepared by artisans ofLothal.
Answer:
The artisans of Lothal made different weapons like sickles, drills, (curved saws) and needles, etc. with copper and bronze. They also used to make utensils, idols and pots.

Question 4.
Which design did artisans make on clay utensils?
Answer:
The artisans of Harappa age used to draw geometrical designs and sketches on clay utensils.

Question 5.
Write a short note on ‘Bhavai’.
Answer:
Bhavai is a popular folk drama form of western India, especially in Gujarat. This art was started 700 years ago by Asait Thakar. This art promoted during Solanki era. It was mainly performed without using curtains, with light humour and with the music being played on a trumpet. Characters disguised in the form of Ramdev, Jhanda, Jhulan, Kajoda, etc. are the main features of Bhavai.

Bhavai is an affordable means of educating while entertaining people on various areas. It mainly focuses on the social evils. The characters like Rangla-Rangli are used to promote the ” programme like girls” education, save the girl-child, etc. Performers of Bhavai play trumpet and pray to the Goddess by reciting hymns.

IV. Answer the following questions choosing the correct option from those given below:

Question 1.
Which of the following is a work of Kalidas?
(a) Unrubhanga
(b) Kamabhakar
(c) Meghdoot
(d) Dutvakyam
Answer:
(c) Meghdoot

Question 2.
With which dances styles are Vyjayanthimala and Hema Malini associated?
(a) Manipuri
(b) Kuchipudi
(c) Kathakali
(d) Bharatnatyam
Answer:
(d) Dutvakyam

Question 3.
Which veda is associated with music?
(a) Rigveda
(b) Samveda
(c) Yajurveda
(d) Atharvaveda
Answer:
(b) Samveda

Question 4.
Who is known as a Turi-e-Hind in the field of Indian music?
(a) Tansen
(b) Tulsidas
(c) Kabir
(d) Amir Khusro
Answer:
(d) Amir Khusro

Question 5.
‘Chaado’ dance means which dance?
(a) Tribal Dance
(b) Dance of Bharvaad
(c) Dance of Kolis
(d) Dance of Padharaas
Answer:
(a) Tribal Dance

Question 6.
Siddhis, the dancer of Dhamaal dance were native of
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Andaman
(c) Africa
(d) Thailand
Answer:
(c) Africa

Question 7.
On which day is the “World Yoga Day” celebrated?
(a) 21 June
(b) 1 May
(c) 21 April
(d) 5 September
Answer:
(a) 21 June

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