If action is always equal to the reaction, explain, why a cart pulled by a horse can be moved.

Ans. Following forces are acting on the system of horse and cart:

(i) The weight of the horse and cart acting vertically downward.

(ii) The reaction of the ground due to horse and cart acting vertically upward.

(iii) The force exerted by the horse with its feet on the ground in the backward direction.

(iv) The reaction of the ground on the feet of horse in the forward direction.

(v) The force of friction acting on the cart in the backward direction.

As far as, the forces (i) and (ii) are concerned they are equal and opposite balanced forces, therefore, cannot produce any motion. Force (iii) is too small to push the earth backward. However, force (iv) i.e., the reaction of ground is large enough to push the horse and the cart attached to it in the forward direction as this force is larger than the force of friction due to ground. Thus, it is the pair of unbalanced forces (iv) and (v) which make the system of horse and cart move in the forward direction.

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