JKBOSE 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Improvement In Food Resources
JKBOSE 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Improvement In Food Resources
JKBOSE 9th Class Science Solutions Chapter 16 Improvement In Food Resources
Jammu & Kashmir State Board JKBOSE 9th Class Science Solutions
J&K class 9th Science Improvement In Food Resources Textbook Questions and Answers
BASIS AND BASICS
◆ Population of our country is 1.23 billion. It is estimated we will be 1.343 billion people in the year 2020.
◆ In order to meet the food, efforts of scientists have resulted in green revolution (food grains), blue revolution (fish production), white revolution (milk production) and yellow revolution (oil revolution).
◆ Food is the basic requirement of all organisms for their survival.
◆ Food supplies nutrients like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals to our body. Human beings are dependent on animals and plants for food.
◆ Human beings obtain most of this food from agriculture and animal husbandry. Therefore, it is necessary to increase production efficiency for both crops and livestock.
◆ Plants provide food like cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fruits and vegetables.
◆ Animals provide milk and milk products, meat, eggs, honey etc.
◆ Agriculture is the largest industry in India, engaging about 70 per cent of our population.
◆ The sustainability of agriculture can be achieved by adopting various techinques such as mixed cropping, crop rotation and crop improvement.
◆ Sustainable agriculture is the successful management of resources for agriculture to satisfy the changing human needs, while maintaining or enhancing the quality of environment and conserving natural resources.
◆ Crop Production. Crops are plants cultivated by human beings for food, fodder and other materials.
◆ Successful crop production depends upon many factors such as :
• Understanding how crops grow and develop.
• Affect of various nutrients, climate, water on the growth of the plant.
• Modification and management of each factor for increasing the yield of the crop.
◆ Crop seasons. The crops which are grown in rainy season (the Kharif season, from June to October) are called as kharif ha f crops.
Example : Paddy, soyabeanmaize, pigeon pea, cotton, green grain and black grain are kharif crops.
◆ The crops which are grown in winter season. (the rabi season, from November to April) are called rabi crops.
Example : Wheat grain, peas, mustard and linseed are rabi crops.
◆ Crop Production Management. It depends upon the financial condition of the farmer, of as to which cropping system and production practices he uses. Thus, production practices can be at different levels. They include ‘no cost’ production, ‘low cost’ production and high cost’ production practices.
Uses of manures and fertilisers for supply of nutrients; irrigation, mixed cropping, inter cropping, crop rotation are some of the crop production practices required for obtaining high yields.
◆ When two types of crops are grown in sequence in a field during a year, it is called double cropping.
◆ Growing of more than two crops in succession in a field during one year is called multiple cropping.
◆ Mixed cropping is the practice of cultivating more than one crop, that is, growing of two or more crops, simultaneously in the same field.
◆ In agro-forestry system, crops are grown along with trees.
◆ The practice of growing different types of crops alternatively in the same field is called crop rotation. crops
◆ 16 nutrients are essentially required, four are required in large quantities are known as macronutrients whereas nine nutrients required in small quantities are known as micronutrients.
◆ Manures and fertilizers are the main sources of nutrients supply to plants.
◆ Manures increase soil fertility.
◆ Fertilisers are the commercially manufactured material from chemicals.
◆ Fertilizers increase yield of crops.
◆ Compost manure mainly consists of rotten vegetable and animal refuse.
◆ Biofertilizers are organisms which bring about soil nutrient enrichment.
◆ Storage losses in agricultural produce may be quite high due to following biotic and abiotic factors: (1) Insects (2) Rodents (3) Fungi (4) Mites and (5) Bacteria. Abiotic factors include, excess of moisture and inappropriate temperature.
◆ These factors cause degradation in quality, loss in weight, poor germinability and discoloration of produce.
◆ Proper drying and fumigation using chemicals that can kill pests are some of preventive measures.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
◆ Animal husbandry is the science of rearing, caring, breeding, and utilization of animals.
◆ Main aim of animal husbandry is to provide proper food, water and good shelter to animals. It also involves protecting them from diseases, and their breeding, for its best economic use.
◆ Cows, buffaloes, fowl, fish, goat and sheep are useful animals. They provide us food Le, milk, egg, wool and meat (fowl and goat),
◆ Milk contains all nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, fats, vitamins and minerals.
◆ Livestock includes domesticated animals like cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, etc.
◆ Cattle and buffaloes are most important livestock animals. These are used in agricultural operations and transportation though also provide milk, meat, hides (for leather goods), dung manure and fuel (in biogas plants). There are 30 breeds of cows and 10 breeds of buffaloes in India.
◆ Breeds of cattle are divided into three categories: Milch breeds (provide milk eg Gir, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, etc.); draught breeds (used as work animals e.g. Malvi, Hallikar, etc.) and dual purpose breeds (e.g. Haryana, Deoni, Tharparkar, etc) Important indigenous breeds of buffaloes are: Red Sindhi, Sahiwal, Murrah, Mehsana, Surti, Nili Ravi, etc.
◆ Important exotic breeds of milch cows are: Holstein and Friesien (Holland), Jersey (USA), Brown-Swiss (Switzerland) etc.
◆ Exotic breeds of cows have longer lactation period and more average annual milk production than those of indigenous breeds.
◆ High milk-yielding cross-breeds of cows are: Karan-Swiss, Karan-Fries, Frieswal etc. These have been developed at NDRI Karnal. Karnal-Swiss is a cross breed of Sahiwal and Brown Swiss.
◆ Dr. V. Kurien is called “Father of White Revolution”. White revolution is rapid increase in milk production, called Operation flood. Dr. Kurien was the founder chairman of National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).
◆ Two main components of cattle-feed are roughage (fibre-rich but with low nutrients) and concentrate (rich in proteins, palatable and easily digestible).
◆ A good shelter improves the health and yield of animals.
◆ Breeding of cattle is done in two ways: natural and artificial.
◆ Egg production in chicken. Egg production is the most economic trait. A layer hen starts laying eggs at the age of 20 weeks. The egg production period in commercial layer is 500 days. For increasing the egg production for the development of new variety with respect to quantity and quality of eggs, the following points are to be considered :
1. Egg number
2. Sexual maturity
3. Egg weight
4. Body weight
5. Feed efficiency tom
6. Egg size
7. Egg shape
8. Shell colour
9. Shell quality and
10. Internal quality of egg.
◆ Fish are obtained from sea. Marine fisheries and mariculture deals with catching or capturing of culture of fish in marine ecosystem or sea, having 7500 kms coastline.
◆ Fish diseases can be contolled by avoiding water pollution and regular monitoring of oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH of water in the fish ponds.
◆ Indian has 1.6 million ha of inland water resources covering river, lakes, reservoirs, lagoons etc.
◆ Poultry farming provides meat, eggs and manure (poultry waste).
◆ Poultry farming is raising domestic fowls, ducks, geese, turkeys, pigeons etc.
◆ Beekeeping is done to get honey and wax.
◆ A colony of honeybee has one queen and 40,000 to 100,000 workers and drones are in hundreds.
◆ Pasturage or flora include crops like mango, coconut, tamarind, litchi, berseem, badam etc.
◆ Honey flow period is the total time period in which bee collect nectar and pollen.
IMPORTANT TERMS/FACTS TO MEMORISE
⇒ Present population of our country is about 1.23 billion.
⇒ Human beings are dependent on plant and animals for their food.
⇒ Food is destroyed by insect pests.
⇒ Unwanted plants growing along with main crops are called weed.
⇒ Agriculture. It is applied science which deals with mass production of plants and animals useful to human being, involving soil cultivation and breeding and management of crops and livestock (domestic animals).
⇒ Nutrients. The food required by plant is composed of certain chemical elements. → FYM. Farmyard manure.
⇒ Weeds. The small sized unwanted plants which grow along with a cultivated crop in a field are called weeds.
⇒ Biocide. Any chemical that kills living organisms.
⇒ Crop. Yield of cultivated land.
⇒ Fertilizers. Fertilizers are the substances which improve the fertility of soil and help the plants to grow and synthesize more food crops.
⇒ Humus. Manures provide humus to soil. Humus improves the physical and chemical texture of soil.
⇒ Irrigation. The technique of providing water to crops in the fields by means of canals, reservoirs, wells etc. is called irrigation.
⇒ Irrigation system. The design, equipment and technique of replenishing the soil water deficit by applying irrigation water is referred to as irrigation system.
⇒ Insecticides. Chemicals that kill insects.
⇒ Livestock. The animals like cattle, sheep, goat, camel, horse, pig form livestock. ig and poultry from livestock.
⇒ Manures. Manures are the or organic substances obtained from the decomposition of vegetable and animal wastes by the action of microorganisms.
⇒ Micro-nutrients. The mineral elements needed by plants in the very small amounts.
⇒ Cereals. Cereals include large grained plants like wheat, rice etc.
⇒ Complete fertilizer. Mixtures containing all three principal nutrients (N, P and K) are called complete fertilizers.
⇒ Crop rotation. The practice of growing different types of crops alternately in the we same field called crop rotation.
⇒ Animal husbandry. Science of rearing, feeding, caring and breeding of animals.
⇒ Breeding. It means ‘to reproduce’ to obtain animals with desired characteristics. 1609 There are two methods of breeding animals natural and artificial.
⇒ Super-ovulation. Stimulation of a good female animal to release more eggs.
⇒ Artificial insemination. Introducing the semen of a good male into vagina of a good female.
⇒ Lactation Period. It is the duration of milk production between birth of a young one and the next pregnancy.
⇒ Concentrates. Proteins and Mineral-rich food components e.g. cereal, grains, maize, oil cakes, etc.
⇒ Roughage. Fibres containing animal feed obtained from hay fodder and silage.
⇒ Exotic breeds. Breeds introduced in an area f an area from an outside country.
TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS (SOLVED)
Q. 1. What do we get from cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables ?
Ans.— 1. Cereals (rice and wheat) provide carbohydrates for energy requirements.
2. Pulses (soyabeans, pea and gram) provide us proteins.
3. Fruits and vegetables provide us wide range of vitamins, minerals and small amount of proteins, carbohydrates and oil.
Q. 2. How do biotic and abiotic factors affect crop production ?
Ans.— 1. Biotic factors like insects, mites, rodents, nematodes and diseases caused by fungi and bacteria.
2. Abiotic factors. It is known that different crops require different climatic conditions, temperature, humdity and sunlight for their growth and completion of their life cycle.
Q. 3. What are desired agronomic characteristics for crop improvement ?
Ans.— Crop improvement programmes should consider the following characteristics.
1. Tallness and profuse branching for fodder crops.
2. Dwarfness in case of cereals as less nutrients are consumed.
3. Higher yield
4. Improved quality
5. Disease resistance
6. Biotic and abiotic resistance
7. Changes in maturity duration
8. Wider adaptability.
Q. 4. What are macronutrients? Why are they called macronutrients ?
Ans.— Nutrients. Plants need nutrients for development, growth and well beings. These are chemical elements obtained by plants from air, water and soil.
Macronutrients. Four nutrients are required in large quantities, hence nutrients are required in large quantities, thus called macronutrients. These four macronutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur.
Q. 5. How plants get nutrients ?
Ans.— Sources of Plant nutrients :
| Source | Nutrients |
| Air | Carbon, Oxygen |
| Water | Hydrogen |
| Soil | (i) Macronutrients. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphur.
(ii) Micronutrients. Iron, Manganese, Boron, Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum, Chlorine. |
Q. 6. Compare the use of manure and fertilizers in maintaining soil fertility.
Ans.— Effect of using manure. Manures supply nutrients to the soil. This helps in enriching soil with nutrients and organic matter. This increases soil fertility. Organic matter helps in increasing water holding capacity in sandy soil and avoid water logging in clay soils.
Effect of using fertilizers. Fertilizers supply only nutrients and other function performed by manures are carried out hence soil may not have desired water holding capacity.
Q. 7. Which of the following conditions will give the most benefits ?
(a) Farmer use quality seed but not adopt irrigation and use fertilizer.
(b) Farmer use ordinary seeds and adopt irrigation and use fertilizer.
(c) Farmer use quality seeds and adopt irrigation and use fertilizer and use crop protection measures.
Ans.— Conditions given in c are beneficial to man because of following reasons :
1. Farmer will be more benefited by using quality seeds.
2. Improved varieties which provide genetic setup for various features such as resistance, higher yield and improved quality and adopting proper irrigation to overcome draught or flood situations.
3. Fertilizers provide nutrients used to obtain higher yield.
Q. 8. Why should preventive measures and biological control methods should be preferred for protecting crops ?
Ans.— Diseases in plants are caused by pathogens. To get rid of pathogens, some preventive measures and biological control methods are used.
These methods are : (i) safe (ii) simple (iii) economical (iv) non polluting and do not affect soil quality.
Q. 9. What factors may be responsible for huge losses of grains during storage ?
Ans.— Storage losses of grains are very high. The factors responsible are biotic factors i.e. insects, rodents, fungi, mites and bacteria. The abiotic factors include moisture content and temperature in storage places.
Q. 10. Which method is commonly used for improving cattle breed and why ?
Ans.— Artificial insemination is preferred for improving cattle breed. By artificial insemination about 3000 cows can be fertilized by semen collected from one bull. Moreover frozen semen can be stored for long period. Further it can be transported to remote parts of country.
Q. 11. Discuss the implication of following statement “It is interesting is note that poultry is India’s most efficient converter of low fibre food stuff (which is unfit for human consumption) into highly nutritious animal protein food.”
Ans.— Poultry farming is undertaken basically to raise domestic fowl for egg production and chicken meat. The feed consumed by poultry birds is fibrous, cheap and formulated using agricultural byproduct. Hence, the product not used by human population are converted into chicken meat and eggs by poultry birds used by human.
Q. 12. What management practices are common in dairy and poultry farming ?
Ans.— Feeding, breeding, proper shelter and disease control are the common management practices in dairy farming and poultry farming.
Q. 13. What are the differences between broilers and layers and their management.
Ans.— Egg-laying bird are called layers while meat yielding birds are called broilers.
The daily food requirement for broilers is different in these two categories. The broilers require protein rich diet with adequate fat. The level of vitamins A and K is kept high in poultry feeds. The layers require more space with proper light.
Q. 14. How are fishes obtained ?
Ans.— Fishes are obtained by catching from natural resources or by cultivating using various culture system. These practices are termed as capture and culture fisheries.
Q. 15. What are advantages of composite fish culture ?
Ans.— Combination of 6 species is used in composite fish culture. It is highly advantageous because these fishes do not compete for food due to different food habits. Moreover food available in all parts of pond is utilized by different species of fishes.
Q. 16. What are the desirable characters of bee variety suitable for bee keeping.
Ans.— Characters of bee variety suitable for bee keeping.
1. Gentleness in nature.
2. Good honey collection capacity.
3. Prolific queen production with less swarming ability to protect itself from enemies.
Q. 17. What is pasturage and how it is related to honey production ?
Ans.— Pasturage is concerned with nectar and pollen collection by honey bee. Value or quality of honey depends upon flora or pasturage available for nectar collection. It also determines taste of honey.
TEXTBOOK EXERCISES (SOLVED)
Q. 1. Explain any one method of crop production which ensures high yield.
Ans.— To increase yield of crops, soil is enriched by supplying nutrients externally in the form of manures and fertilizers. Manures contain large quantities of organic matter and small quantities of nutrients thus increase soil fertility. Manures also help in increasing water holding capacity in sandy soil.
Q. 2. Why are manure and fertilizer used in fields ?
Ans.— Advantages of Manures and Fertilizers :
1. Manures enrich the soil with nutrients.
2. Manures add organic matter to the soil increase soil fertility, which improves soil texture and increases water holding capacity and drainage in soil.
3. They provide food for soil organisms.
Q. 3. What are the advantages of inter-cropping and crop rotation ?
Ans.— Advantages of inter-cropping.
1. It ensures maximum utilisation of nutrients supplied.
2. It also prevents pests and diseases from spreading to all the plants belonging to one both crops can give better returns.
3. Soil erosion is effectively arrested.
4. It helps to maintain soil fertility.
Advantages of crop rotation.
(i) The crop rotation improves the fertility of the soil and results in increase in the food production.
(ii) It saves the nitrogenous fertilizers. This is because the leguminous plants grown during the crop rotation fix nitrogen from the air and enrich the soil with nitrogen compounds.
(iii) It also helps in pest control. This is because weeds and pests do not get the same crop in the next season and find it difficult to survive.
(iv) It keeps the land occupied with greater part of time with crops.
(v) Crop rotation regulates the use of plant nutrients from the soil.
Q. 4. What is genetic manipulation? How is it useful in agricultural practices ?
Ans.— 1. Genetic manipulation is incorporating desired characters such as high yield, short maturity period, biotic and abiotic resistance, tolerance etc in the genetic setup of an organism.
2. Hybridisation is one of the way of incorporating desired gene into crop variety. Hybridisation involves crossing between genetically dissimilar plants.
3. This crossing may be intervarietal (between different varieties interspecific between two different species of same genus or intergenus (between different genera).
4. Another method of crop improvement is introducing a desired gene resulting in genetically modified crop such as Bt Cotton.
Q. 5. How storage grain losses occur ?
Ans.— Biotic and abiotic factors are responsible for losses of grain during storage. These factors cause
1. degradation in quality, 2. loss in weight, 3. poor germinability and 4. discolouration of produce. Such grains will fetch less money in the market.
Q. 6. How do good animal husbandry practices benefits farmers ?
Ans.— Animal husbandry is scientific management of farm animals. Animal based Habita farming include cattle, goat, sheep and poultry farming. These farming practices are undertaken by farmers along with agriculture as mixed farming.
Advantages of Animal Husbandry :
1. It helps us to undertake proper management of domestic animals.
2. It provides methods to produce good quality, high yielding breeds of domestic qui did animals.
3. Animal wastes, enrich the soil.
4. It is beneficial for the farmers as increased yield brings more income to the farmer ficial standard.
Q. 7. What are the benefits of cattle farming ?
Ans.— Benefits of cattle farming.
1. Cattle provide milk and used for obtaining other products from milk.
2. Bullock labour for agricultural practices such as tilling, irrigation and carting.
Q. 8. For increasing production, what is common in poultry, fisheries and bee keeping ?
Ans.— Rearing of these animals scientifically and introduction of exotic breeds.
Q. 9. How do you differentiate between capture fisheries, mariculture and aquaculture ?
Ans.— Differences between capture fishing, mariculture and aquaculture.
| Capture fishing | Mariculture | Aquaculture |
| 1. It is catching of fishes from natural water resources. | 1. It is culture and harvesting of fin fishes, shell fishes (mullets, bhetki, pearl spots) | 1. It is culture and harvesting of fish, other animals (prawn) and plants in water and sea weeds. |
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2. There is no seeding or rearing of fishes.
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2. The fish and other organisms are seeded and reared. | 2. The fish and other organisms are seeded and reared. |
| 3. Capture fishing is in undertaken in both inland and marine water. | 3. It is carried out only sea water. | 3. It is carried out in fresh water and marine water. |
ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q. 1. How is manure prepared ?
Ans.— Method of preparing compost manure.
Manure is a natural organic substance obtained by decomposition of animal wastes and plant residue through the action of microbes. It is of three types (1) Farmyard manure (ii) Compost (iii) Green manure.
(i) A trench having the desirable size of 4-5 m long, 1.5 to 1.8m broad with a depth of 1.0 to 1.8 m is made.
(ii) A layer of about 30 cm in thickness containing well mixed refuse is spread in the exs ago bylw desired noitegimul 8 trench.
(iii) This layer is sprayed with water containing slurry of cow w dung, can Indiel od or (iv) Another layer of mixed refuse in trench up to the height of 45-60 cm. (height of fish layer included).
(v) Top of these two layers is covered by thin layer of earth.
(vi) After a gap of about three months, material is taken out of trench, moistened with water and covered with earth.
(vii) Compost is ready for use after gap of 1-2 months.
Q. 2. What is the need of water to plants ? Explain different types of irrigation system.
Ans.— Periodic Irrigation of Crops. Crops are irrigated periodically due to the following reasons :
1. Plants absorb water from the soil by roots. The amount of water in the soil is not constant throughout the year. It is constantly lost by evaporation and percolation to lower depths of the ground.
2. The water is also lost by the aerial parts of the plants by transpiration.
Irrigation Systems.
1. Canal System. Here reservoirs or rivers supply water to canals. Canal is divided into sub-canals and distributaries. Further fields channels may be made.
2. Tanks. Here water is stored, which is available due to run off. Small dams can be made at the base of higher elevation of catchment region. Outflow of water in tanks is kept in control.
3. Wells. Wells are made to exploit ground water. They are of two types i.e. dug wells and tubewells. In dug well, water accumulates due to available ground water table. From deeper areas of earth, tube wells can tap water. Here water is lifted by diesel or electricity-operated water pumps. Continuous supply can be ensured by this system.
4. River valley system. In Western Ghats of Karnataka and Kerala, many steep and narrow riverine valley are present. Rainfall in these present only for shorter period i.e. 3-4 months. Extra water shifts in river in these months. In Rabi season, no rainfall is there. On slopes, plants like coconuts, coffee, rubber and tapioca are grown. These all are perennial plants. In basement areas, single crop like rice is grown.
5. River lift system. In this system, water is directly drawn from rivers for irrigation purpose. This all is done in areas near to rivers and canal flow is insufficient.
Q. 3. Discuss the preventive and control measures to check losses of grain during storage.
Ans.— Preventive and control measures,
These are used before grains are stored for future use.
1. This can be done by proper drying of the produce in sun followed by drying in shade.
2. Maintenance of Hygiene. Godowns and stores should be properly cleaned. All sort of dust, dirt, rubbish, webbing or refuse of the previous grain should be swept away. Cracks and holes in the wall, floor or ceiling should be sealed. If old gunny bags are being used, clean them properly, turn inside out and expose to sun or fumigate. Earthen pots should also be cleaned and properly exposed to sun before using them for grain storage.
3. Fumigation. Chemicals which can exist in gaseous state in sufficient concentration to be lethal against the pest is known as fumigants. Aluminium phosphide tablets commonly known as black poison (3 g each) can be used at the rate of 2 tablets per tons grain.
4. Plant Products. The practice of adding small quantity of vegetable oil or mineral oil to grains or legumes to protect them from insect pests and mixing of neem kernel powder, crushed dried fruit of black pepper or cloves is also effective in controlling insects.
Q. 4. How can one detect that an animal is sick ?
Ans.— Symptoms.
1. Laziness, tired and prefer to stay alone.
2. Stop feeding or take a very little feed.
3. Walks very slowly.
4. Fall in milk or egg production.
5. Waste passed out is dilute. 6. Rise in temperature with shivering and sneezing 7, Secretion of excess of saliva.
Q. 5. What steps should be taken to improve production of food from animal sources in our country ?
Ans.— 1. Introduction of high yielding varieties.
2. The output of Research work carried out at various centres such as NDRI, Karnal, Central Institute of fresh water Aquaculture (CIFA) Bhubaneshwar, should he made available to the public for their projects.
3. Protection of animals from diseases.
4. Providing proper shelter to animals.
Q. 6. Write a brief account of procedure of Inland Fishery.
Ans.— Inland fishery involves the rearing of fishes in the specially designed breeding ponds near the rivers or other fresh-water natural sources. It involves the following steps :
(i) Breeding of good male and female culturable fishes in the breeding ponds either by natural breeding or induced breeding. In induced breeding, the male and female breeder fishes are injected with pituitary extract containing FSH and LH hormones (called spawn within 24 hours. Fertilization occurs in Hypophysiation) which induce them to the water so is external.
(ii) The fish seed (of fertilized eggs) are benchi jal.
(iii) The fertilized eggs are kept in hatching pits, called hapas, and youngs are called hatchlings.
(iv) Hatchlings are allowed to grow in hapas for about 3 – 14 days to form fry.
(v) Fries are allowed to feed and grow in the nursery pond to form the fingerli….s.
(vi) Fingerlings are allowed to grow in rearing ponds for about 3 months.
(vii) Fingerlings are allowed to attain full size in the still .arger stocking ponds. involves the capturing of fully-grown fishes.
Q. 7. Briefly explain Marine Fisheries.
Ans.— Marine Fisheries. India’s marine fishery resources include 7500 km of coastline and the deep seas beyond it. Popular marine fish varieties include pomphret, mackerel, tuna, sardines and Bombay duck. Marine fish are caught using many kinds of fishing nets from fishing boats. The modern technologies for catching more fish include echosounders and use of satellite. Some marine fish of high economic value are also farmed in sea water. This includes finned fishes like mullets, bhetki and pearl spots, shellfish such as prawns, mussels and oysters.
Q. 8. Explain compound fish culture. List the factors.
Ans.— Composite Fish Culture.
Combination of 6 species is used in the culture system. This combination is highly advantageous because these fishes do not compete for food among them having different types of food habits. Another advantage is that food available in all the parts/zones of the pond is utilized due to their food habits. The food habits of six species are catla is surface feeder, rohu feed in middle zone of the pond i.e. column feeder and mrigal and common feed in pond. An them the the bottom, where as grass carp feed on aquatic weeds in the DAS I are foreign or exotic. i.e. transplanted from China and 3 sps. are of Indian orgain.
Factors. Important factors to be taken into consideration for fish culture include :
1. Topography or location of pond.
2. Water resources and quality.
3. Soil quality i.e. composition particle size as well as nutrients.
Q. 9. What are the three castes of honey bee ? Write role of each caste.
Ans.— Castes of honey bee. There are 3 types of castes in the colony, these are :
1. Queen. The queen, is the mother of the colony. It is responsible for laying eggs. In each season queen lay upto 2000 eggs in a day. A queen lays both fertile and unfertile eggs. Queen and workers emerges from fertile eggs, whereas drones comes out from unfertilized eggs.
2. Drone. They are males of the colony and they mate with queen and remain in the colony to sleep and eat honey. Since their role is only in the breeding season, therefore they are made to leave the hive to save honey from them.
3. Worker. These are the most active members of the colony have almost all responsibilities and carry out different function. They are female by instinct but cannot reproduce. Workers during first half of their life cycle do indoor duties and during second half, they become field workers and perform duties outside the colony. As field worker, they collect nectar, pollen (bee-glue). Workers as guards are security force of the colony, and while doing so if enemy comes, they sting it and die off.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q. 1. How to meet the needs of ever increasing population of our country ? List two main steps.
Ans.— The present population of 1.23 billion people will reach about 1.343 billion people by the year 2020. This population will need about 241 million tonnes of grain production per year. Following two measures will help up to meet the demand.
1. Increase food production of both plants and animals.
2. Sustainable agriculture where by we should minimize using chemicals as fertilizers and insecticides. These can be replaced by biological resources.
Q. 2. Give in a tabulated form some of the crops grown in India.
Ans.— Some crop plants grown in India are :
| Type | Some Examples |
| Cereals or grain crops | Rice, Wheat, Barley, Ragi, Maize, Jowar, Bajra. |
| Fibre crops | Jute, Cotton, Hemp, Ccir. |
| Pulses | Grams, Peas, Beans, Masoor, Mung. |
| Oil seeds | Mustard, Groundnut, Sunflower, Coconut, Taramira. |
| Fodder crops | Barseem, Oat, Sudan grass. |
| Root crops | Sweet potato, Carrot, Radish, Beet |
| Tuber crops | Potato, Tapioca. |
| Sugar crops | Sugarcane, Beetroot. |
| Plantation crops | Coffee, Tea, Rubber, Coconut. |
Q. 3. What are the two main crop seasons ? List the crops of respective season.
Ans.— 1. Kharif Season. (June to October)
Crops grown. Paddy, Soyabean, Arhar, maize, cotton, urad and Moong.
2. Rabi season. (November to April)
Crops grown. Wheat, gram, peas, mustard, linseed.
Q. 4. List three scientific approaches to obtain high yield of crops.
Ans.— 1. Crop Production Management
2. Crop improvement for higher yield through genetic manipulation.
3. Crop Protection Management.
Q. 5. Define nutrients. Give examples of macronutrients and micronutrients.
Ans.— Nutrients. The elements needed for growth of plants and animals are called nutrients. Macronutrients. The mineral elements needed by the plants in large amounts (more than 1 ppm) are called macronutrients.
Examples. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Potassium, Calcium, Sulphur. Micronutrients. The mineral elements needed by plants in small amount (or traces) are called micronutrients.
Examples. Iron, Manganese, Copper, Zinc, Boron, Molybdenum, Chlorine.
Q. 6. Define plant nutrients. What are the requirements of their essentiality in plant nutrition ?
Ans.— The mineral elements needed for the growth of plants are called nutrients.
Requirements for essentiality
(i) The plants are not able to complete its life cycle in the absence of element.
(ii) The deficiency of a particular element can be prevented only by supplying that nutrients.
(iii) The elements should have direct effect on plant nutrition and metabolism.
Q. 7. Name the various sources of our food.
Ans.— The plant sources of food are wheat, rice, jowar, maize, pulses etc. The animal sources of food include meat, fish, egg, milk, milk products and liver oil etc.
Q. 8. Differentiate between manures and fertilizers.
Ans.— Differences between manures and fertilizers
| Manure | Fertilizers |
| 1. Manures are partially decayed wastes and animal residues by microbes. | 1. Fertilizer is a salt or organic compound containing essential plant nutrients. |
| 2. Organic substances. | 2. Inorganic salts or organic compounds. |
| 3. Voluminous, bulky, difficult to store and transport. | 3. Compact, can be easily stored and transported. |
| 4. Not very rich in minerals like N, P and K. | 4. Rich in nutrients like N, P, K. |
| 5. Contain all nutrients, although in small amount. | 5. Specific. Every fertilizer contains one or more nutrients. |
| 6. Slow absorption, being less soluble in water. | 6. Rapid absorption due to easy solubility water. |
| 7. Plenty of humus is a brand improves the texture of soil. | 7. Humus is not added to soil. |
Q. 9. What are disadvantages of manures ?
Ans.— Disadvantages of Manures :
1. Manures are inconvenient to handle, store and transport as they are bulky.
2. The nutrients of manures are released slowly.
3. They are not nutrient specific.
Q. 10. What are Fertilizers ?
Ans.— Fertilizers. 1. Fertilizers are commercially produced plant nutrients by using different chemicals.
2. Fertilizers supply Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium (NPK), basically this is used for good vegetative growth (leaves, branches and flowers), giving rise to healthy plants.
3. Fertilizers are one of the major components for obtaining higher yields specially in high cost farming practices.
4. They are easy to store and transport.
Q. 11. Define ‘Sustainable Agriculture’.
Ans.— Sustainable agriculture is the successful management of resources for agriculture to satisfy the changing human needs, while maintaining or enhancing the quality of environment and conserving natural resources.
Q. 12. What is the need of sustainable agriculture ?
Ans.— Although a lot of progress has been made in the field of agriculture in terms of production etc., yet the increase in human population has put a word of caution about sustaining the agriculture. One is advised to use sustainable technologies, it may be use of energy resources etc. This requires conservation of natural resources and protection of environment for the increasing demand of forthcoming generation.
Q. 13. Write a note on Organic Farming.
Ans.— Organic Farming. It is a farming system with minimal or no use of chemicals as fertilisers, herbicides, pesticides, etc. and with maximum input of organic manures, recycled farm wastes, use of bio-agents such as culture of blue-green algae in preparation of biofertilisers, neem leaves or turmeric specifically in grain storage as bio-pesticides, with healthy cropping systems.
Q. 14. What is inter-cropping ? How does it differ from mixed cropping ?
Ans.— Inter-cropping is the growing of two or more crops simultaneously in the same field in definite rows.
Differences between mixed cropping and inter-cropping
| Characters | Mixed cropping | Intercropping |
| 1. Aim | To reduce the chances of crop failure. | To enhance the production of crops per unit area. |
| 2. Pattern | No definite pattern of rows. | Grown in definite pattern of rows like 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 3. |
| 3. Mixing of seeds | Seeds are mixed up before sowing. | Seeds are not mixed before sowing. |
| 4. Application of fertilizers | Fertilizers cannot be applied easily to different crops. | Can be applied applied as per need of individual crops. |
| 5. Harvesting and threshing | Cannot be done separately for crops. | Crops can be harvested and threshed separately. |
| 6. Application of pesticides | Spraying of pesticides for separate crops not possible. | Can be done easily. |
Q. 15. Define crop rotation. What is the role of leguminous plants in it ?
Ans.— The process in which different types of crops are grown alternatively in the same field is called crop rotation.
Leguminous crops save the nitrogenous fertilizers because such plants grown during crop rotation fix nitrogen from the air and enrich the soil with nitrate and nitrites. These nitrogen containing compounds are used by plants.
Q. 16. What is the role of soil in better yield ?
Ans.— Soil provides all the nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium etc. to the crop plants. Soil also serves as a source of water. If soil is deficient in one or more nutrients, the yield of crop will reduce.
Q. 17. What is the need for varietal improvement ?
Ans.— Need of varietal improvement
With the continuous increase in human and animal population, there is an increase in demand for food grains like cereals, fodder for animals, fibre, sugar and oil. Thus, there is immediate need for increasing the yield of cultivated crops. Quality products are in demand due to the increase in standard of living and health consciousness among human beings.
Q. 18. What is mixed farming? Define it with suitable examples.
Ans.— Mixed farming can be defined as a system of farming on a particular farm to sustain and satisfy the essential needs of the farmers.
Examples. In mixed farming, crop production is combined with the rearing of livestock, poultry, fish and bees etc.
Q.19. How can mixed farming sustain agricultural production ? Answer with suitable examples.
Ans.— When earnings from one enterprise on small farms is not sufficient to sustain the family, farmer considers about the different possible combinations of enterprises.
In mixed farming from livestock, farmyard manure is made available to be used again in agricultural farms. With exact combination of mixed farming, a better money income is available. It provides the farmer work throughout the year. It provides the farmer with all the food needs of the family.
Q. 20. What are the uses of mixed farming ?
Ans.— 1. From livestock, farmyard manure is available to be used again in agricultural farms.
2. Number of animals can be increased as per food available to them (as per crop availability) to provide milk and milk products.
3. By this method, straw, husks and chaffs of grains, refuse of household kitchen, shed grains in the field are converted into human food through the agency of cattle, sheep, poultry, pigs etc. as per choice of farmer.
4. With exact combination in mixed farming, a better money income is available.
5. It provides work to all of a family throughout the year. Thus it provides subsidiary occupation to all the members of household, without the need of employing special labour .
Q. 21. Write the drawback of mixed farming.
Ans.— Drawback of Mixed Farming
However, mixed farming is not popular with farmers, where they do not reside in farm house on their holding. They live together in villages which are far away from their cultivated lands. Houses in villages and sanitary designs of their houses do not admit them to go for such type of mixed farming. However, in such cases also, keeping of few milk animals may be quite possible. In such type of combination, it may serve a useful farming objectives.
Q. 22. What is mixed cropping ? Discuss the advantages of mixed cropping.
Ans.— Mixed cropping is growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land.
Advantages.
(i) It acts as insurance against possible total crop failure in poor rainfall areas.
(ii) It saves time and labour of the farmer.
(iii) It provides different types of food materials. w boon wit e Thus farmer and his family can get balanced nutrition.
Q. 23. List some of prominent mixed cropping practices.
Ans.— Some of the prominent mixed cropping practices are :
1. Maize + urdbean
2. Cotton + mungbean
3. Groundnut + sunflower
4. Wheat + chickpea
5. Wheat + mustard
Q. 24. Explain the objectives of mixed cropping.
Ans.— Objectives.
(i) To minimise risk and insure against crop failure.
(ii) To re reduce cultivation expenses.
(iii) To provide balanced nutrition to farmer and his family.
Thus farmer and his family can get balanced nutrition.
Q. 25. What is effect of excessive irrigation ?
Ans.— Effects of excessive irrigation.
1. Excessive irrigation leads to water logging.
2. It also leads to an increase in salts on surface.
3. Roots are deprived of oxygen.
Q. 26. What are pests ? Give examples.
Ans.— Pests. The animals that damage crops or cultivated plants in the fields or during harvest or even in the storage are termed pests.
Examples. 1. Stem borer of rice.
2. Brown plant hopper of rice (Rice grasshopper)
3. Gundhy bug (Paddy bug)
4. Spotted bollworm of cotton.
Q. 27. Write a note on crop protection management.
Ans.— Crop Protection Management. In fields, crops have to be protected from weeds, insects-pests and disease-causing organisms like fungi.
All these cause damage to crop plants so much that most of the crop is lost. Thus, crops can be protected by the following methods :
1. Use of pesticides
2. Use of resistant verieties
3. Crop rotation and cropping system
4. Summer ploughing.
Q. 28. Discuss the requirements of a good crop rotation.
Ans.— Requirements of a good Crop Rotation
(i) The area of each crop should be nearly the same year after year.
(ii) The rotation should provide roughage and pastures for domestic animals.
(iii) Most profitable cash crops with wisdom should be selected for rotation.
(iv) Rotated crops can be cared for.
(v) The rotation should include one tilled crop for elimination of weeds.
(vi) Organic matter should increase in soil due to rotation and feeding system, By growth of leguminous plant in rotation, nitrogen contents of soil increase.
Q. 29. Describe biological method of pest control.
Ans.— Biological control methods
They can be further classified into three categories :
(a) Breeding disease resistant varieties. It is the development of varieties having resistance to pathogenic infection.
(b) Hyperparasitism. It involves the control of one pathogenic organism with the help of another organism, which parasitizes the pathogen.
(c) Trap crops. Many plants secrete some substances after infestation by some pathogens. These substances are toxic to pathogens. Such hosts are called trap or antagonistic plants.
Q. 30. What are weeds ? How does it affect the yield of crop ?
Ans.— Weeds. They are unwanted plants which grow of their own along with crop plants. They harm the crops.
Weeds damage the crops. They compete with the crop for nutrients and water in the field. They occupy space meant for crop plants. This leads to poor yield and quality of produce.
Methods of weed control.
1. Removal by hands. The weed can be uprooted and removed by hand, at t
2. Removal by instruments. The weeds can be removed by using a trowel (khurpa),
3. Removal by using chemicals. Weeds can also be destroyed by spraying special chemicals called weedicides. These chemicals easily kill the broad leaved weeds without affecting the crop.
Q. 31. List any five chemical fertilizers rich in nitrogen.
Ans.— Chemical fertilizers rich in nitrogen
1. Urea
2. Ammonium sulphate
3. Ammonium nitrate
4. Sodium nitrate
5. Calcium ammonium nitrate
Out of these urea is organic while others are inorganic.
Q. 32. How do insect pests attack plants ? Give examples.
Ans.— 1. Cut root, stem and leaf- weevil attack wheat crops.
2. Suck cell sap from various parts of plants – aphids feed on mustard plants.
3. Bore into stem and fruits- top borer and shoot borer, larvae and caterpillars which ammonium nitrate bore into stem and fruits.
Q. 33. How are pathogens transmitted from one plant to another plants ? Name any four diseases.
Ans.— The plant pathogens are transmitted to plants through water, soil, air and seeds. Diseases caused by these pathogens include :
1. Blast in paddy (rice),
2. Rust in wheat,
3. Stem rot in pigeon pea (mung) and
4. Wilt in chick pea (gram).
Q. 34. List the main elements of animal husbandry.
Ans.— 1. Proper feeding of animals.
2. Providing good shelter to animals.
3. Providing fresh water to animals.
4. Proper health and protection against diseases.
5. Proper breeding of animals.
Q. 35. Why is animal husbandry essential ?
Ans.— 1. To increase milk production.
2. To increase egg production.
3. To increase meat production.
4. To increase fish production.
5. For proper utilization of animal wastes.
Q. 36. Why is buffalo milk preferred ?
Ans.— Buffalo milk is richer in fat, tocopherol, proteins, calcium, phosphorus and contains low sodium, potassium, cholesterol. Buffalo milk is ideal for making milk products like khoa, rabri, dahi and ghee.
Q. 37. List some Indian breeds of cows and buffaloes.
Ans.— (i) Cows : (a) Milch breeds :
1. Girl 2. Sahiwal 3. Red Sindhi
(b) Draught breeds—1. Malvia 2. Nageri 3. Hallikar 4. Kangayam.
(ii) Buffaloes :
1. Murrah 2. Meshsana 3. Surti 4. Nili Ravi
Q. 38. Define livestock.
Ans.— Livestock includes domesticated animals like cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, etc. Cattle and buffaloes are most important livestock animals. These are used in agricultural operations and transportation though also provide milk, meat, hides (for leather goods), dung manure and fuel (in biogas plants). There are 30 breeds of cows and 10 breeds of buffaloes in India.
Q. 39. Make a table showing the nutritional values of animal products.
Ans.— Nutritional values of animal products
| Animal products | Percent (%) | Nutrients | |||
| Fat | Protein | Sugar | Minerals | Water | |
| Milk (Cow) | 3.60 | 4.50 | 0.70 | 87.20 | |
| Egg | 12.00 | * | 1.00 | 74.00 | |
| Meat | 3.60 | * | 1.10 | 74.20 | |
| Fish | 2.50 | * | 1.30 | 77.20 |
* present in very little amount
Q. 40. Differentiate roughage and concentrate.
Ans.— Roughage contains large amount of fibre but have low nutrients and include hay, fodder, silage and legumes like barseem, lucerene and cowpea. It also includes common fodder grasses like Napier grass, Guinea grass and Elephant grass.
The concentrate is a mixture of cereals like maize, oat, barley, jowar, broken grams, rice polish, cotton seeds, gram bran and oilseed cake etc. moistened in water. These are rich in proteins and other nutrients, highly palatable and easily digestible.
Q. 41. List of characters of a good animal shelter.
Ans.— A good animal shelter has following characteristics :
(a) It should provide protection to the animals from unfavourable environmental factors and predators.
(b) It should be clear, dry, airy, spacious and well ventilated (proper sunlight).
(c) It should have arrangement for the hygienic disposal of animal excreta.
(d) It should have arrangement for clear drinking water for animals.
(e) It should have hygienic conditions to protect the animals from various diseases.
Q. 42. “Milk is a very nutritious food.” Justify the statement.
Ans.— Cow’s milk is a very nutritious food because it contains all the nutrients like fats (3.60%), proteins (4.00%), sugar (4.50%), minerals (0.70%) and water (87.20%). It also contains a number of vitamins like B₁, B₂, A, D etc.
Q. 43. Mention the names of animal products which are used as food.
Ans.— Milk, beef (cow’s meat), pork (pig meat), mutton (sheep and goat meat), eggs (poultry birds) and fish meat and by-products of fishery such as fish meal, fish-protein concentrate, oil etc.
Q. 44. Name any two Indian breeds of :
(i) Cows and (ii) Buffaloes.
Ans.— (i) Cow-breeds : Sahiwal and Gir.
(ii) Buffalo breeds : Murrah and Mehsana
Q. 45. Name two exotic breeds of cows.
Ans.— (i) Jersey of USA.
(ii) Brown-Swiss of Switzerland.
Q. 46. Mention the improved cross breeds of cows.
Ans.— (i) Karan-Swiss (ii) Karan-Fries (iii) Frieswal.
Q. 47. List some Indian breeds of cows and buffaloes.
Ans.— (i) Cows : (a) Milch
1. Gir 2. Sahiwal 3. Red Sindhi.
(b) Draught breeds : 1. Malvi 2. Nageri 3. Hallikar 4. Kangayam.
(c) General utility breeds :
1. Haryana 2. Ongole 3. Tharparkar.
(ii) Buffaloes : 1. Murrah 2. Bhadawari 3. Jaffarabadi 4. Surti 5. Nagpuri 6. Nili Ravi 7. Mehsana.
Q. 48. Define artificial insemination.
Ans.— It is the process by which semen of a good pedigree bull is collected and stored at freezing temperature and finally introduced in the vagina of a number of good female cows by artificial means during the heat or oestrous period of the females.
Q. 49. Mention the advantages of artificial insemination.
Ans.— (1) Several cows (upto 3000) can be inseminated by the semen of a single good male.
(ii) Ensures progeny of good quality.
(iii) Avoids the transportation of animals.
(iv) Sperms can be stored for long period at freezing temperature.
Q. 50. What is superovulation and embryo transfer ?
Ans.— It is latest technique to produce super milch cows.
(i) Superovulation. It involves the stimulation of high milk-producing cows to ovulate more eggs by hormonal stimulation. Fertilization is done by artificial insemination. In this way, 4 to 10 embryos are developed in such cows.
(ii) Embryo transfer. In this, embryos are collected from superovulated cows. Each embryo is transplanted in the uterus of surrogate cows of inferior quality to produce large number of calves with good germplasm. It can also be done in sheep, goats and other livestock animals as well.
Q. 51. Write a note on foot and mouth disease of cattle.
Ans.— It is a viral disease of cows and buffaloes. It is characterized by excessive salivation and reddish granules on their feet and mouth. It can be prevented by vaccinating the cows and by keeping their shelter clean and hygienic.
Q. 52. Write two infectious diseases of each of cows, poultry and fishes.
Ans.—
| Animal | Diseases |
| 1. Cows | Anthrax (Bacterial) and Foot and mouth (viral). |
| 2. Poultry | Ranikhet (viral) and Salmonellosis (Bacterial). |
| 3. Fishes | Viral Haemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) and Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN). |
Q. 53. Mention a few measures for prevention of diseases in the animals.
Ans.— Preventive measures of diseases in animal :
(i) Compulsory vaccination of animals.
(ii) Proper disposal of dead animals and animal wastes.
(iii) Hygienic handling of all animal products and by-products.
(iv) Periodical screening of animals for diseases.
(v) Providing a clean, dry, airy and well ventilated good animal shelter with hygienic conditions.
Q. 54. Discuss the importance of poultry as a source of food.
Ans.— Poultry birds supply eggs and meat both being good sources of food. Whole egg contains 36% yolk, 64% proteins and vitamins like A and D. Poultry meat contains proteins (like myosin, globulins, actinomyosin, etc.), fats, vitamins, minerals, etc.
Q. 55. Name some indigenous and exotic breeds of fowls.
Ans.— (i) Indigenous breeds : e.g. Aseel, Ghagus, Basara, Brahma and Chittagong.
(ii) Exotic breeds :
(a) American breeds e.g. Plymouth rock and Rhode Island Red.
(b) English breeds e.g. Sussex and Australorp.
(c) Mediterranean breeds e.g. Minorcha and White Leghorn.
Q. 56. Make a list of diseases of poultry.
Ans.— Poultry Diseases. The poultry birds suffer from various diseases caused by :
Virus — Fowl pox.
Bacteria — Tuberculosis, Cholera, Diarrhoea
Fungi — Aspergillosis
Parasites — Worms, mites, lice, etc.
They also suffer from nutritional deficiency diseases. The most common disease of poultry is ‘Bird Flu’. This disease is damaging the poultry on vast scale.
Q. 57. Differentiate between indigenous breeds and exotic breeds of fowls.
Ans.— Differences between indigenous breeds and exotic breeds
| Characters | Indigenous breeds | Exotic breeds |
| 1. Egg production | Less | More |
| 2. Size | Small sized | Large sized |
| 3. Foraging | Excellent | Not as good |
| 4. Immunity against common diseases | More | Less |
Q. 58. List two advantages of exotic breeds over indigenous breeds.
Ans.— (i) These consume less feed to give same amount of meat as compared to desi breeds.
(ii) These consume less feed to produce same number of eggs as compared to desi breeds.
Q. 59. Write the names of two exotic breeds of poultry.
Ans.— (i) American breeds like Plymouth rock and Rhode Island Red.
(ii) English breeds like Australorp and Sussex.
(iii) Mediterranean breeds like White Leghorn and Minorcha.
Q. 60. What determine good quality of eggs ?
Ans.— 1. Egg number,
2. Sexual maturity,
3. Egg weight.
Q. 61. What are important points to remember in poultry farming ?
Ans.— Important points in poultry farming.
1. Maintenance of temperature and hygienic conditions in housing.
2. Proper poultry feed.
3. Prevention and control of diseases and pests.
4. Isolation of diseased birds.
5. Proper vaccination of birds.
6. Spraying of disinfectants at regular intervals.
Q. 62. List various measures of prevention of poultry diseases.
Ans.— Prevention of Poultry Diseases. To prevent the poultry from disease the following measures should be taken :
(i) The poultry birds should be kept in good spacious, airy and ventilated shelter.
(ii) The shelter should be cleaned properly and regularly. Quick and hygienic disposal of excreta should be ensured.
(iii) External parasites should be controlled by applying insecticide solution.
(iv) Disinfectant should be sprayed to kill mosquitoes and other external parasites.
(v) Every animal should be vaccinated at regular interval to minimise it against common infections and diseases.
Q. 63. What is the difference in broilers and layers and in their management ?
Ans.— Chicken raised in poultry farm upto 6-7 weeks are called broilers. The period from sexual maturity till the end of egg laying is called laying period and chickens are known as layers. The housing, nutritional and environmental requirements of broilers are different from those of layers. The ration for broiler is protein rich with sufficient fat. It should also include vitamins A and K.
Q. 64. Name three common fresh water and three marine food fishes.
Ans.— (i) Fresh-water food fishes :
1. Labeo rohita – Rahu.
2. Catla catla – Katla or Theila.
3. Wallago attu – Mullee.
(ii) Marine food fishes :
1. Harpodon – Bombay duck.
2. Hilsa – Hilsa.
3. Sardinella – Salmon.
● Total fish production in India – 7th position in the world
● Marine fish production – 10th position in the world
● Aquaculture production – 2nd in south East Asian countries
● Fish industry contribution – Rs. 400 crores annually as foreign exchange.
Q. 65. Why is fish meat considered advantageous than meat of other animals ?
Ans.— (i) Fish meat contains more proteins (13 – 20%) but less fats.
(ii) It has good amount of vitamins A and D and is rich in iodine (for thyroxine formation).
(iii) It is more easily digestible than other proteins.
So, fish meat is considered next to the mother’s milk as baby food.
Q. 66. Why are the major carps considered best culturable fishes ?
Ans.— (i) These survive even at high temperature and at low oxygen.
(ii) These have fast growth rate.
(iii) These have easily digestible and nutritive flesh.
Q. 67. Give the economy of fishes.
Ans.— (i) Fish meat is rich in proteins (13 – 20%), vitamins and iodine but has less fats.
(ii) Their liver oil is rich source of vitamins A and D. Z
(iii) Fish meal is very rich source of proteins (55 – 70%), so is a good food for domesticated animals.
(iv) Fish wastes can be used as manure for coffee, tea and tobacco plants.
(v) Fish skin of sharks is used to form hand bags, shoes, tobacco pouches, etc.
Q. 68. Why do we use we use ovaprim ? In which season fishes breed ?
Ans.— Ovaprim is synthetically prepared inducing agent containing hormones used in breeding fishes in ponds.
Most of edible fishes belong to carp family. These fishes breed in monsoon months i.e. from July to August in rivers.
Q. 69. What is the use of nursery and rearing ponds in fish culture ?
Ans.— Nursery pond and rearing ponds are used for fast growing, good flesh quality, early maturity of fishes.
Q. 70. Define harvesting. List various methods of harvesting of fishes.
Ans.— Harvesting involves the capturing of fully grown fishes and is also called fishing. It is done with the help of Angling (hooked fishing rods) or traps (e.g. Dip net, Cast net, Drag net, etc.).
Q. 71. List certain common diseases of fishes.
Ans.— (i) Main infectious diseases of fishes are :
(a) Viral Haemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) and
(b) Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN).
(ii) Water-pollution caused diseases of fishes are:
(a) Gill rot (blackening of gills).
(b) Fin rot (cutting down of fins).
(c) Dropsy (swollen belly).
(iii) Fish-ectoparasites – e.g. fish lice – Argulus.
Q. 72. List some measures to control fish diseases.
Ans.— (i) Pollution of fish farm should be avoided.
(ii) Regular monitoring of the level of oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH of the water of fish farm.
(iii) Argulus – fish lice can be controlled by adding 2.5 ml/litre of Malathion in the pond water.
Q. 73. List the steps of fish seed production by induced breeding techniques.
Ans.— Fish Seed Production by induced breeding technique consists of following steps :
(i) Use of inducing agents
(ii) Selection of healthy brooders
(iii) Administration of hormones by injection
(iv) Releasing sets of brooders in breeding pool
(v) Spawning
(vi) Collection of Eggs
(vii) Hatching
(viii) Post care of fish seeds in nursery and rearing ponds
(ix) Transfer of fingerlings in stocking ponds.
Q. 74. What are the uses of honey ? Write its composition.
Ans.— Utility of honey.
1. Honey has great importance for its medicinal value specially in disorders related to digestion, dysentery, vomiting and stomach and liver ailments.
2. It also helps in growth of our body as it contains iron and calcium.
3. It is also used as a source of sugar in confectionary items.
Q. 75. Write components of honey.
Ans.— Honey is dense sweet liquid, containing sugars 20-40%, moisture 60-80%, minerals 0.22-0.3%, vitamins 0.2-0.5%, enzymes and pollen.
Q. 76. What are advantages of bee keeping ?
Ans.— Advantages of bee keeping.
1. Bee keeping is undertaken on commercial basis as an enterprise. Besides honey, other products obtained from bee keeping include wax, royal jelly and bee venom.
2. Bee keeping required low investments therefore farmers along with agriculture also do be keeping as an additional income generating activity.
3. It also helps in cross – pollinations as pollens are transferred from one flower to another by bees while collection of nectar.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q. 1. What are the major sources of food for us ?
Ans.— Plants and animals.
Q. 2. List the nutrients supplied by food.
Ans.— Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
Q. 3. Coin the terms for extensive production of :
(i) fish, (ii) milk and (iii) oil.
Ans.— (i) Blue revolution, (ii) White revolution, (iii) Yellow revolution
Q. 4. What term is used for extensive production of pulses ?
Ans.— Golden revolution.
Q. 5. Name the crops grown in rabi season (November to April).
Ans.— Wheat, gram, peas, mustard, linseed.
Q. 6. Name kharif season crops.
Ans.— Paddy, soyabean, arhar, maize, cotton, urad and moong.
Q. 7. What is farmyard manure (FYM) ?
Ans.— FYM is the decomposed mixture of cattle excreta (dung) and urine along with litter (i.e. bedding material used in night under cattle) and left over organic matter such as roughage or fodder.
Q. 8. What is composting ?
Ans.— Composting is a biological process in which both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms decompose the organic matter.
Q. 9. What is vermicomposting ?
Ans.— The degradation of organic wastes through the consumption by the earthworms is called vermicomposting.
Q. 10. What are complex fertilizers ?
Ans.— When a fertilizer contains atleast two or more nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O), it is called complex fertilizer.
Q 11. Define irrigation.
Ans.— The process of supplying water to crop plants by means of canals, reservoirs, wells etc. is called irrigation.
Q. 12. List three important nitrogen containing fertilizers.
Ans.— Urea, Ammonium Sulphate and Ammonium nitrate.
Q. 13. List three phosphorus containing fertilizers.
Ans.— Ammonium phosphate, Ammonium hydrogen phosphate, Calcium Super phosphate.
Q. 14. Name two potassium containing fertilizers.
Ans.— Potassium sulphate, Potassium chloride.
Q. 15. What are mixed fertilizers ?
Ans.— A fertilizer containing two or more nutrients is called mixed fertilizer e.g. N2P2O5 and K2O.
Q. 16. What is being traditionally used as manure in our country ?
Ans.— Cow-dung.
Q. 17. A farmer grows gram crop between two cereal crops. Which agricultural practice is being followed by him ?
Ans.— Crop rotation.
Q. 18. Suppose you are incharge of a grain grain store. How will you find out the presence of pests ? Mention any two indications.
Ans.— (i) By presence of living or dead insects.
(ii) By noticing white powdery materials on the bags or on the floor.
Q. 19. What are weeds ?
Ans.— Unwanted plants growing alongwith main crops are called weeds.
Q. 20. Define fungicide.
Ans.— Fungicides. The pesticides that kill fungi.
Q. 21. What is intercropping ?
Ans.— Intercropping is growing of two or more crops simultaneously in the same field in definite rows.
Q. 22. What is plant introduction ?
Ans.— It consists of introducing a plant species or variety into an area, where it is not found or grown earlier.
Q. 23. Name any two improved varieties of wheat.
Ans.— Sonara, PPW 154.
Q. 24. Name any two improved varieties of rice.
Ans.— Kasturi, PNR-591-18.
Q. 25. What is green revolution ?
Ans.— The tremendous increase in food grains (especially wheat) during the last three decades due to use of HYV, high dose of fertilizers, irrigation is known as green revolution.
Q. 26. Define selection.
Ans.— Selection is the sorting out of individual plants or groups of plants from mixed population.
Q. 27. Define plant breeding.
Ans.— Plant breeding means production of new varieties or strains by a programme of artificial selection spanning several generations of the organism concerned.
Q. 28. What is inter-varietal crop rotation ?
Ans.— It is cross between two different varieties.
Q. 29. What is agronomy ?
Ans.— The branch of agricultural science dealing with production of field crops and management of soil.
Q. 30. Name the branch which deals with feeding, caring and breeding of domestic animals.
Ans.— Animal husbandry.
Q. 31. Give two uses of cattle.
Ans.— (i) These provide hide to prepare leather goods.
(ii) These are useful in agricultural operations like ploughing, harrowing, levelling etc.
Q. 32. Give two examples of each of indigenous breeds and exotic milch breeds of cows.
Ans.— (i) Indigenous breeds. Sahiwal and Red Sindhi.
(ii) Exotic breeds. Jersey and Brown Swiss.
Q. 33. List three categories of cattle on the basis of their utility. Give one example of each.
Ans.— (i) Milch breed e.g. Sahiwal.
(ii) Draught breed e.g. Hallikar.
(iii) General utility breed e.g. Haryana.
Q. 34. Name two high milk yielding cross breeds of cows.
Ans.— Karan-Swiss and Karan-Fries.
Q. 35. Name two exotic breeds of cows.
Ans.— Jersey (USA) and Brown-Swiss (Switzerland).
Q. 36. Name two breeds of buffaloes.
Ans.— Murrah and Mehsana.
Q. 37. What are two components of cattle feed ?
Ans.— Roughage and Concentrate.
Q. 38. How roughage and concentrate differ from each other ?
Ans.— Roughage contains fibres but less nutrients e.g. fodder, while concentrate is rich in proteins e.g. cereal grains.
Q. 39. Name the progeny of cross breed of Brown Swiss and Sahiwal.
Ans.— Karan Swiss.
Q. 40. What is artificial insemination ?
Ans.— Introduction of semen of a high quality pedigree bull into the vagina of a healthy female cow by artificial means is called artificial insemination.
Q. 41. Give the term for the process by which a female cow of good breed is stimulated by the hormones to release more ova from its ovaries.
Ans.— Superovulation.
Q. 42. Give the full form of NDDB.
Ans.— National Dairy Development Board.
Q. 43. What is NDRI ? Where is it located ?
Ans.— National Dairy Research Institute. It is located at Karnal (Haryana).
Q. 44. What is surrogate mother ?
Ans.— It is cow of inferior breed in which the embyro of a good female cow is implanted for further development.
Q. 45. Name two indigenous breeds of fowls.
Ans.— Aseel and Brahma.
Q. 46. Name two exotic breeds of fowls.
Ans.— Rhode Island Red and White Leghorn.
Q. 47. Name two high yielding cross breeds of fowls.
Ans.—“B-77” and “HH-260”.
Q. 48. What are broilers ?
Ans.— Meat-providing birds are called broilers.
Q. 49. What are layers ?
Ans.— Egg-laying hens are called layers.
Q. 50. What are vegetarian eggs ?
Ans.— Infertile eggs are called vegetarian eggs.
Q. 51. What is significance of photoperiod in the management of fowls ?
Ans.— A photoperiod of about 14 – 18 hours regulates the growth of chicken and egg production.
Q. 52. Define pisciculture.
Ans.— Pisciculture is rearing and management of fishes.
Q. 53. Name two by-products of fishery.
Ans.— Liver oil and fish meal.
Q. 54. Which two vitamins are present in liver oil of certain fishes ?
Ans.— Vitamins A and D.
Q. 55. Mention seafood items other than fishes.
Ans.— Lobsters, prawns, oysters, mussels, etc.
Q. 56. List the products obtained from bee keeping.
Ans.— Honey, wax, royal jelly and bee venom.
Q. 57. ‘Honey is dense sweet liquid.’ Write its composition.
Ans.— Sugar 20 – 40%, moisture 60 – 80%, minerals 0.22 to 0.3%, vitamins 0.2 – 5% and enzymes, pollen etc.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Select the Correct Answer :
1. Maximum contribution to the total milk production of our country comes from :
(A) Cows
(B) Buffaloes
(C) Camels
(D) Goat
Ans.— (B) Buffaloes
2. Murrah is a breed of :
(A) Cow
(B) Sheep
(C) Buffaloes
(D) Goat
Ans.— (C) Buffaloes
3. Which of the following fishes is/are farmed in sea water ?
(A) Mullet
(B) Bhelks
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) Catla
Ans.— (B) Bhelks
4. Aquaculture includes :
(A) freshwater fishing
(B) brackish water fishes
(C) marine fishery
(D) All of the above.
Ans.— (C) marine fishery
5. Which of following species is specially domesticated and reared of high economic importance ?
(A) Apis indica
(B) Apis mellifera
(C) Apis dorsata
(D) Apis florea.
Ans.— (D) Apis florea.
6. Exotic breeds :
(A) require specific environment
(B) hardy and high yielding
(C) are sturdy
(D) take less food.
Ans.— (B) hardy and high yielding
7. Which of the following nutrient(s) is/are obtained from soil by plant ?
(A) Nitrogen
(B) Boron and Sulphur
(C) Zinc and Copper
(D) All of above.
Ans.— (D) All of above.
8. Manure contains large quantities of :
(A) organic matter
(B) nutrients
(C) water
(D) Both (A) and (B).
Ans.— (D) Both (A) and (B).
9. The fiber crop occupying the largest area in India is as under :
(A) Jute
(B) Flax
(C) Cotton
(D) Simbal.
Ans.— (A) Jute
10. Which is the most important source of food and fodder ?
(A) Algae
(B) Fungi
(C) Cereals
(D) Gymnosperms.
Ans.— (A) Algae
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