PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Agriculture Chapter 8 Agro Based Industries
PSEB Solutions for Class 10 Agriculture Chapter 8 Agro Based Industries
PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Solutions Chapter 8 Agro Based Industries
PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Chapter 8 Agro Based Industries
→ Students should develop in them some skills required in industries and occupations (vocational subjects) along with traditional education.
→ After harvesting, there is nearly a 10% loss in the crops.
→ In fruits and vegetables, this loss is 30-40%.
→ Farmers are growing new crops, like turmeric, chilies, etc.
→ Processing of crops at a small scale or at a farmer’s level is the need of the hour.
→ Agricultural-based occupations are poultry farming, Dairy fanning, Mushroom cultivation, Honey production, etc.
→ The agro-processing complex can be used to process rice, wheat, oilseeds, spices, pulses, cotton, etc. One can earn from 10 to 50 thousand rupees per month.
→ P.A.U. has developed a machine to wash and polish turmeric and it can wash 2.5 to 3.0 quintal turmeric in an hour.
→ 15-20 kg turmeric powder can be obtained from 100 kg of fresh turmeric.
→ Mentha oil is used in medicines, perfumes, cosmetics, etc.
→ 10-12 kg Gud can be prepared from one quintal sugarcane.
→ A solar drier is used to dry vegetables.
→ Various types of dehydration and freezing plants are available for fruits and vegetables e.g. blancher, pre-cooler, slicer, dehydrated, freezing unit, etc.
→ There are Krishi Vigyan Kendras at various districts established by P.A.U., Ludhiana which provide training for such ventures.
PSEB 10th Class Agriculture Guide Agro Based Industries Important Questions and Answers
Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
……………… kg turmeric powder can be obtained from 100 kg of fresh turmeric.
(a) 25-30
(b) 15-20
(c) 5-10
(d) 45-50.
Answer:
(b) 15-20
Question 2.
……………..kg Gud can be prepared from one quintal sugarcane.
(a) 21-22
(b) 30-35
(c) 10-12
(d) 18-20.
Answer:
(c) 10-12
Question 3.
After harvesting, there is nearly …………. loss in Crops.
(a) 5%
(b) 10%
(c) 20%
(d) 50%.
Answer:
(b) 10%
Question 4.
Mentha oil is used in
(a) medicines
(b) perfumes
(c) cosmetics
(d) All.
Answer:
(d) All.
Question 5.
After harvesting loss in fruits and vegetables in:
(a) 15-20%
(b) 20-30%
(c) 30-40%
(d) 10-15%.
Answer:
(c) 30-40%
Question 6.
How much jaggery (Gud) can be prepared from 100 kg sugarcane?
(a) 10-12 kg
(b) 40-45 kg
(c) 60-70 kg
(d) 30-35 kg.
Answer:
(a) 10-12 kg
Question 7.
What name of Punjabi magazine published by Punjab Agricultural university every month?
(a) Changi kheti
(b) Modem kheti
(c) Kheti niya
(d) Krishi jagran.
Answer:
(a) Changi kheti
Question 8.
From which crop is raw material for textile industry obtained?
(a) wheat
(b) cotton
(c) sugarcane
(d) mustard.
Answer:
(b) cotton
Question 9.
Which machine is used for oil extraction from oil seeds?
(a) Oil expeller
(b) Flour mill
(c) Seed grader
(d) Grinder.
Answer:
(a) Oil expeller
Question 10.
Which machine is used for cleaning of seed
(a) Oil expeller
(b) Flour mill
(c) Seed grader
(d) Grinder.
Answer:
(c) Seed grader
True False:
1. Post harvest losses in grains are approximately 10%.
Answer:
True
2. Mentha is a weed.
Answer:
False
3. We can get 15-20 kg of turmeric powder from 100 kg of fresh turmeric.
Answer:
True
4. We can get 30-40 kg of Jaggery from one quintal sugarcane.
Answer:
False
Fill in the blanks:
1. Post harvest losses in fruits and vegetables is …………….. .
Answer:
30-40 %
2. ……………. is used to dry vegetables.
Answer:
Solar dryer
3. During Mentha processing, oil and water are separated with the help of …………. .
Answer:
Separator
4. Mentha processing plant is used to extract oil from ……………. crop.
Answer:
Mentha.
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Give one reason of unemployment.
Answer:
Limited number of jobs.
Question 2.
How much damage/loss occur to the vegetables and fruits after harvesting?
Answer:
30 – 40%.
Question 3.
How much is the cost for setting up of agro-processing complexes?
Answer:
5 to 20 lakh Rupees.
Question 4.
How many days are required to dry turmeric fingers after boiling?
Answer:
In strong sunlight 15 days.
Question 5.
What is use of turmeric?
Answer:
Medicines, cosmetics and as dye in cotton clothes.
Question 6.
What is used for drying vegetables?
Answer:
Solar drier.
Question 7.
Name monthly magazine related to agriculture?
Answer:
‘Changi Kheti’.
Question 8.
How many Krishi Vigyan Kendras are under P.A.U.?
Answer:
17.
Question 9.
Write the name of four agricultural related co-occupations.
Answer:
Cattle rearing (Cows, goats, sheep etc), Poultry fanning, Honey bee rearing, fish rearing, Dairy farm, etc.
Question 10.
What is the use of flour mill (atta chakki)?
Answer:
Used to grind wheat, maize seeds to get flour.
Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Is there any financial help available by government or other organisation for establishing agriculture based enterprises?
Answer:
Government as well as many other organisations provide financial help and training to establish agriculture based occupations.
Question 2.
What is the cost of establishment of agro-processing unit and how much is the income from this unit?
Answer:
Cost for setting up these machines is from Rs. 5 to 20 lakh and one can get an income of Rs. 10 thousand to 50 thousand per month.
Question 3.
Give uses of turmeric (in food).
Answer:
Turmeric is used to prepare various vegetables curries, to give taste, colour and flavour to the food items and it is also used for preparing food and chatnies at large scale.
Question 4.
Which things can be dried in solar drier?
Answer:
Fenugreek leaves, corriander, chilli, garlic etc. and some medicinal plants can be dried.
Question 5.
Write down the names of four agro based industries which can be started at the village level.
Answer:
Do it yourself.
Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Write about processing of turmeric.
Answer:
Answer yourself.
Question 2.
Write about processing of mentha?
Answer:
Answer yourself.
Question 3.
Write the name of any ten agriculture based enterprises.
Answer:
- Poultry farming
- Dairy farming
- Honey production
- Mushroom cultivation
- Fish farming
- Jaggery manufacturing
- Drying of vegetables and their packaging
- Agro-processing complex
- Turmeric processing unit
- Mentha processing plant.
Agriculture Guide for Class 10 PSEB Agro Based Industries Textbook Questions and Answers
(A) Answer in one-two words:
Question 1.
Which crops can be dried and powdered at domestic level?
Answer:
Turmeric, Chillies etc.
Question 2.
From where the training on agro based industries can be obtained?
Answer:
Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana, Krishi Vigyan Kendras.
Question 3.
Name any two machines installed in agro processing complex.
Answer:
Mini rice mill, small flour mill, grinder, oil expeller, cotton ginning machine.
Question 4.
List the items in which mentha oil is used. What are the uses of peppermint (Mentha) oil?
Answer:
Medicines, perfumes, cosmetics etc.
Question 5.
How much Jaggery can be made from one quintal of sugarcane?
Answer:
10-12 kg.
Question 6.
What is the percentage of post-harvest losses in grains?
Answer:
10%.
Question 7.
What is the pre requisite for starting any agro based industry?
Answer:
Basic training.
Question 8.
How much powder can be made from one quintal of raw turmeric? Or How much turmeric powder can be produced during processing from 100 kg raw turmeric?
Answer:
15-20 kg.
Question 9.
How water and oil are separated during mentha processing?
Answer:
With the help of separator.
Question 10.
Name any two rural agro-based industries.
Answer:
Turmeric processing plant, Mentha procesing unit, Juggery manufacturing.
(B) Answer in one-two sentences:
Question 1.
What type of agro based industry can be set at cooperative level?
Answer:
A huge investment is (nearly 30 lakhs Rupees) is needed to set up dehydration and freezing plant for the processing of fruits and vegetables. Such units can be established at cooperative level and initial investment at individual level is reduced to large extent.
Question 2.
Why post harvest loss is taking place in our country?
Answer:
There is lack of sources for processing and storage, therefore post harvest losses are taking place.
Question 3.
What should be done to reduce the post harvest losses?
Answer:
We should process the agriculture produce to stop the damage of grains.
Question 4.
How agro based industries can be helpful in enhancing income of the fanners?
Answer:
Farmers can get more income by processing and selling of the agricultural produce at small scale. Farmer can also increase his income by adopting the occupations like – poultry farming, dairy farming etc.
Question 5.
Discuss the method for processing mentha.
Answer:
For extracting oil from mentha, mentha processing plant is established. Mentha crop is dried in open sun to reduce the moisture content. It is taken in an,air tight tanks in which steam is passed at pressure. Oil gets heated up and gets mixed with steam. Oil and steam mixture is removed from the tank and is cooled down quickly and oil and water are collected in another tank. This tank is known as separator. Oil is lighter than water and floats on the surface of water. It is decantated and collecte in plastic containers which are then sealed.
Question 6.
Describe the machine developed by PAU, Ludhiana for processing of turmeric.
Answer:
Punjab Agricultural University has developed a machine which is used for washing and polishing of turmeric. This machine can wash 2.5 -3.0 quintal turmeric in an hour and then can polish it also.
Question 7.
What are the technical operations related with jaggery manufacturing?
Answer:
Sugarcane is crushed using cane crusher. Juice so obtained is heated and concentrated to get jaggery.
Question 8.
Discuss any three machines used in agro processing complexes.
Answer:
Agro processing complexes can have machines like minirice mill, oil expel’ler, cotton gining machine etc. which are used to process paddy, oil seeds, cotton etc.
Question 9.
Why can’t the freezing plants for fruits and vegetables be installed at farmers’ level?
Answer:
A huge investment nearly Rs. 30 lakh is required to set up this unit. Therefore, it cannot be established at farmer’s level.
Question 10.
Which agricultural produces can be used at home after drying? Or Write the name of four agricultural products which are used dried at domestic travel.
Answer:
Fenugreek, corriander, mint, chillies etc. can be used at homes after drying.
(C) Answer in five-six sentences:
Question 1.
Discuss the advantages of setting up of agro processing complexes in Punjab.
Answer:
Generally, there is damage of 10% grains after harvesting and in case of fruits and vegetables this damage and loss is upto 30 – 40%. If processing units are established at village level then such losses can be minimized. Farmers can get more income. Unemployed youth can get work and we can get fresh and high quality eatables. Due to availability of employment and earning, the migration towards cities is also reduced.
Question 2.
What type of machinery can be installed in a small agro processing complex and which crops will be processed?
Answer:
A small agro processing complex can have following machines.
- mini rice mill
- oil expeller
- small flour mill
- grinder
- pulse cleaner and grader
- cotton ginning machine
- small feed mill
- mini dal mill
These machines are used for processing pulses, cereals, oil seeds, spices, paddy, cotton etc. .
Question 3.
What should be done to stop the migration of people from rural to urban areas?
Answer:
People migrate towards cities due to non availability of employment and income per family is also not up to the mark instead it is very low. If more opportunities are made available and sources of income are also generated then this will help in stopping the migration towards the cities. Therefore encouragement should be given to agriculture based enterprises.
Youth in rural areas can set their own small processing units. Some other agriculture based enterprises like dairy farming, fish farming, poultry farming, mushroom cultivation, honey production, bee keeping etc. can be adopted. By self-marketing of the processed products, one can get more returns.
Question 4.
What should be the policy for capital intensive agro processing industry?
Answer:
There are some agro processing plants which have very high initial cost. For example, the cost to establish dehydration and freezing plant for fruits and vegetables is nearly Rs. 30 lakh. Such a plant cannot be set up. at an individual level. Such a unit should be established at cooperative level by group of farmers. This way one plant can be used by various farmers and they can process their produce and can market them.
Question 5.
Discuss the various operations involved in turmeric processing. Or How turmeric powder is prepared from raw tarmeric?
Answer:
For processing, all the turmeric, rhizomes are washed properly to remove soil sticking to it etc. For this purpose P.A.U. has developed a machine which can wash and polish turmeric. This machine can wash and polish simultaneously nearly 2.5 – 3.0 quintal turmeric per hour. After this step (i.e. washing etc.) turmeric is boiled so that fingers become soft and their colour becomes uniform.
If boiling is done in open container it takes an hour but if boiled in pressure cooker it takes 20 minutes. After boiling, turmeric fingers are dried in sun so that moisture content is less than 10%. It takes nearly 15 days if strong sunlight is available. Now top layer of turmeric is removed by polishing. Then it is grounded in the grinder (hammer mill). This way 100 kg fresh turmeric gives 15-20 kg. powdered turmeric.
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