WBBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography & Environment Chapter 7 Satellite Imageries and Topographical Maps
WBBSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography & Environment Chapter 7 Satellite Imageries and Topographical Maps
West Bengal Board 10th Class Social Science Solutions Geography & Environment Chapter 7 Satellite Imageries and Topographical Maps
WBBSE 10th Class Geography & Environment Solutions
Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions
1. What are the disadvantages of satellite images?
Ans. The disadvantages of satellite images are-1. Data collection becomes difficult if the sky is cloudy. 2. Exact height of any region or object cannot be calculated. 3. Development of satellite images incur high cost due to use of highly advanced technology.
2. Write some characteristics of topographical maps.
Ans. The characteristics of topographical maps are-1. Topographical maps represent the physical and cultural features of a region together. Hence, analysis of the region becomes easier. 2. In case of rivers, the direction of flow, nature of the river and other details are provided with. This helps to detect the direction of the slope of the land. 3. The absolute height, relative height or the type of terrain of the region can be clearly understood from a toposheet. 4. Information about economic activities practised in the region can be easily analysed.
3. What do you mean by ‘an inch to a mile’ toposheet?
Ans. The 1° × 1° toposheet can be further subdivided into 16 toposheets (15′ × 15′). These are numbered from 1 to 16. These are known as ‘inch sheets or inch maps’. The scale of these maps is 1 cm to 0.5 km or 2 cm to 1 km. Example-Topographical map no. 72 A/12.
4. What are the various extra information that we get from the topographical maps apart from the ones regarding the physical and cultural features?
Ans. The topographical maps provide us with several extra information like-1. Map number of the region surveyed. 2. Latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the region. 3. State, district of the region surveyed. 4. Year of survey.
5. Statement scale, R.F. as well as linear scale of the map. 6. Contour interval. 7. List of conventional symbols used on the map. 8. Names of the Surveyor General, person conducting the survey and preparing the map.
5. Give examples of topographical maps having an extension of 4° × 4° , 1° × 1º and 15′ × 15′ toposheets.
Ans. The examples are as follows- 1. 4° × 4° topographical maps- 54, 55, 56, 57, etc. 2. 1° × 1° topographical maps-54B, 55P, 56D, 57A, etc. 3. 15′ × 15′ topographical maps- 54B/5, 55P/12, 56D/10, 57A/4, etc.
6. What do you mean by the LANDSAT series satellites?
Ans. The NASA took an initiative to develop and launch the first earth monitoring satellite to meet the needs of the earth scientists. ERTS-A (Earth Resource Technology Satellites-A) was the first launched in a series of satellites in space to provide a global coverage of the earth’s surface. Later, the name of the series was changed to LANDSAT. The LANDSAT data is used for commercial, industrial, military, educational, etc, purposes both in USA and the world over.
7. Name some satellites launched by India.
Ans. Some satellites launched by India are- 1. Aryabhatta (India’s first satellite)-1975, 2. Bhaskara-l-1979, 3. Bhaskara-II-1981, 4. INSAT series (, 1B2E, 3A, 3C, 3D, etc.)-1983 onwards.
8. Why are the topographical maps important in the study of geography?
Ans. The topographical maps are an important part in the study of geography. The knowledge of geography remains incomplete without the knowledge and study of topographical maps. The significance of toposheets are as follows-
- Topographical maps provide information regarding terrain, landform, rivers, lakes, forests, roadways, railways, bridges, temples, mosques, churches, settlements and many other features of a region. This helps in analysing and understanding the relation between different physical and cultural features.
- Topographical maps are also important to the military for understanding the various aspects of a region for providing required protection. They are also useful in forming strategies for political administration. Thus, maps of regions under military surveillance are restricted and not made available to the public.
9. What are the indicators of a plain land on a topographical map?
Ans. The main indicator of relief of any region represented on a topographical map are the contours. If the contours lie quite far from each other, and their values are not too high, the region represented is a plain land. There are other indicators also. Example-The rivers will be wide, perennial and meandering. Sandbars and oxbow lakes may be present along the course of the river.
10. How can a plateau be identified on a topographical map?
Ans. If the contours on a topographical map run in a crooked manner and their values range from 400-600m, the region represents a plateau. Within this region, some concentric contours may represent domes or low hills. Rivers may also flow through the region.
11. Discuss the characteristic features of geo-stationary satellites.
Ans. The characteristic features of the geo- stationary satellites are as follows-1. They lie at a height of approximately 36,000 km above the earth’s surface. 2. They revolve around the earth in 24 hours along the equatorial plane. 3. They move from west to east like the earth. 4. Being installed at such a height, they can take photographs of the full hemisphere at a time. 5. They can take numerous photographs of the same region at a time. This makes data analysis very easy.
12. Discuss the characteristic features of the sun-synchronous satellites.
Ans. The characteristic features of the sun- synchronous satellites are-1. These satellites are installed at a height of 700-800 km above the earth’s surface. 2. They move around the earth from the north polar to the south polar regions in circular or elliptical orbits. 3. The satellites cover each area at a constant local time of the day. 4. The images developed from the information collected by these satellites are used for detecting natural and mineral resources, surveying different regions and preparing other kinds of maps with the acquired data like resource maps, forest maps, land use maps, etc. E.g.-The IRS series of satellites of India are sun-synchronous satellites.
13. Discuss the use of colours in developing satellite images.
Ans. Two types of colours are used in satellite images- (a) true colours (b) false colours
- Use of true colours: If the satellite images represent the physical features of the earth in the exact colours as they appear in reality, they are said to be developed using true colours. E.g.-Forests are represented in green, rivers are represented in blue.
- Use of false colours: If the satellite images represent the physical features of the earth with colours totally different from what they appear as in reality, they are said to be developed using false colours. E.g.- The forests and natural vegetation are represented in red instead of green.
14. Discuss the various steps leading to the development of satellite images.
Ans. The satellite images are developed following several steps. At first, the sensors present in the satellites record the electromagnetic waves reflected by the target object or region. The passive sensors record the electromagnetic waves during day time. During night, the active sensors record the waves with the help of reflection of light from radars. These reflections are converted to digital information. These information are then scanned and analysed by the satellites and sent to the receiving centres on earth. The area or region scanned by the satellites is divided into several grids and the information collected by the them are inserted accordingly, in order to develop usable images. These satellite images are analysed by advanced computers and then used for their specific purposes.
15. Why are false colours used in satellite images?
Ans. Satellite images are developed by using two types of colours-i.e., true colours and false colours. True colour images represent the physical features of the earth as they appear originally. False colour images represent the physical features with colours that are totally different from the original colours of the features. False colours help to represent the features with higher accuracy. They are also useful in maintaining secrecy of certain information, as such images are not easily understood by a layman.
16. How does slope of the relief change, if the distance between contours in a topographical map increases or decreases?
Ans. The contours are imaginary lines drawn in topographical maps joining places that have the same altitude. In a topographical map, if the contours lie very close to each other, it indicates that the slope of the land is steep. If the contours lie far apart from each other, it indicates that the slope of the land is gentle.
17. What are the main characteristics of satellite imagery?
Or, Briefly discuss about three main characteristic features of satellite imageries.
Ans. The main characteristics of satellite imageries are-
- Remote Sensing System: The sensors present in the satellites help in gathering information about a region or an object from very long distances, without coming in physical contact. This is called remote sensing.
- Correct information: Satellite imageries provide absolutely correct information about the region being photographed.
- Time of collecting information: The images are developed depending on the information collected by the sensors installed in the satellites. Passive sensors collect information during the day time, while the active sensors help to collect information at night.
- Fast imaging: The satellite images can be developed very fast in the process of remote sensing. Also, the total manpower required in the whole process is less.
- Survey of rugged terrain: Satellite images help to study inaccessible and rugged terrain, which would otherwise be difficult to physically survey.
- Weather forecast: The series of images of the atmosphere available continuously, help in understanding the current weather phenomena. This helps in analysing and forecasting weather.
18. What are the uses of satellite images?
Ans. The satellite images are used for various purposes. A few of them listed are as follows-
- Knowledge about the land surface, land use and land cover: (1) The types of land surfaces can be identified and classified. (2) Land use and land cover maps can be prepared. (3) Changes in land use patterns can be identified from images over time.
- Weather forecasting, natural disaster/forecasting and disaster management: (1) The cloudiness or cloud cover of the sky can be studied. (2) Formation of cyclones and their path of movement can be traced and detected. (3) Weather forecasting can be done accurately. (4) The areas struck with natural calamities like cyclones, floods, droughts, earthquakes, landslides, etc., can be identified and the amount of loss of life and property can be known. (5) Disaster management programmes can be implemented in the affected areas and relief can be sent immediately.
- Agriculture: (1) Satellite images are used to identify the crops, cultivated on various agricultural fields. From this data, agricultural maps can be prepared. (2) The diseased and damaged crops on the agricultural fields can be identified, and necessary steps can be taken.
- Forest cover and conservation: (1) The total forest cover can be known and the types of forests can be identified. (2) Areas where forests have been damaged by forest fires or due to human interference, can be identified. (3) Necessary measures of forest conservation can be implemented.
- Others: (1) Satellite images help the fishermen by detecting presence of large fishing grounds, and planktons in the oceans. They also give information about temperature of ocean water, salinity, presence of icebergs and relief of the sea floor. (2) They help in detecting regions having reserves of mineral resources and knowing their exact quantity. (3) They provide information about enemy camps in border areas and help in military planning and actions.
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What are satellite images?
Ans. Satellite images are photographs of the earth and other planets captured byimaging satellites installed in space.
2. What are artificial satellites?
Ans. Artificial satellites are highly advanced objects orbiting the earth and other planets in space transmitting signals which are turned into relevant information by man. They are used for various purposes, like military operations, weather forecasting, mapping various regions and gathering information about different aspects of the earth, etc.
3. What is remote sensing?
Ans. Remote sensing is the method of gathering information about any region or object on the earth’s surface or the surface of other planets from a considerable distance, without coming in physical contact. These information help in analysing the region or the object.
4. What do you mean by electromagnetic radiation?
Ans. Electromagnetic radiation refers to waves of the electromagnetic field carrying electromagnetic radiant energy propagating through space. It includes visible light, radio waves, gamma rays and X-rays, ultraviolet rays, etc. These waves do not need any solid or liquid medium for propagation.
5. What do you mean by ‘nadir’?
Ans. ‘Nadir’ is the point on the earth’s surface vertically beneath the satellite. It lies diametrically opposite to the zenith.
6. Mention two importances of satellite imagery.
Ans. Two importances of satellite images are- 1. Satellite images help in detecting physical features, natural and man-made resources of an area. 2. Satellite images help in weather forecasting.
7. What do you mean by IRS series of satellites?
Ans. IRS refers to ‘Indian Remote Sensing’. This organisation manufactures and launches satellites into space under the name IRS series for the purpose of remote sensing. The first such satellite was launched by India in 1988.
8. What are geo-stationary satellites?
Ans. The artificial satellites that orbit the earth from west to east in circular orbits the same time as that of earth’s one rotation (24 hours), are called geo-stationary satellites. They are found at a height of approximately 36,000 km above the equator. Eg.-GOES- E, GOES-W
9. What are sun-synchronous satellites?
Ans. The sun-synchronous satellites are those which are installed on a geocentric orbit that combines altitude and inclination in such a way, that the satellite passes over any given point of the planet’s surface at the same local solar time. These satellites are installed 700-800 km above the land surface and orbit the earth in circular or elliptical paths from the north polar to the south polar regions. These are mainly used for detection of mineral resources on the earth. Example-IRS, LANDSAT, etc.
10. How can the best quality satellite images be obtained?
Ans. The best quality satellite images can be obtained during day time, when the sky is clear and there is sufficient sunlight.
11. What are topographical maps?
Ans. The maps that represent physical and cultural features of a region together on the same map drawn to a scale with the help of conventional symbols, are called topographical maps.
12. Who prepares the topographical maps in India?
Ans. The topographical maps are prepared in India by the ‘Survey of India’. This organisation was established in 1767. Its headquarters is situated at Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
13. What are contour lines?
Ans. The imaginary lines drawn on topographical maps joining places having the same altitude above mean sea level, are called contour lines. They are represented as brown lines on topographical maps.
14. By how many ways can the altitude of any place be represented?
Ans. Altitude of any place can be represented by three ways-1. Height above the mean sea level, 2. Absolute altitude, 3. Relative relief.
15. What do you mean by relative relief?
Ans. The difference in height or altitude of a place and the altitude of the highest point of that region is known as relative relief.
16. What do you understand when the R.F. of a map is 1:50,000?
Ans. R.F. (Representative Fraction) 1:50,000 means that 1 cm on the map represents 50,000 cm or 0.5 km distance on the ground.
17. What does the green colour used on toposheets indicate?
Ans. The flat green colour used on the toposheets indicates forest cover. Also, some symbols drawn with green represent different kinds of natural vegetation.
18. What are degree sheet topographical maps?
Ans. The topographical maps constructed on a scale of 1 inch to 4 miles, or has a R. F. 1:250,000 are called degree sheet topographical maps. They have a latitudinal and longitudinal extent of 1° × 1°.
19. What are inch sheet topographical maps?
Ans. The topographical maps that are constructed on a scale of 1 inch to 1 mile or has a R.F. 1:50,000, are called inch sheet topographical maps. The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of such maps is 15′ × 15′.
20. How are conical hills represented ontopographical maps?
Ans. If the contour lines of a region lie in concentric circles and the distance between adjacent contours is more or less uniform, the feature represented is a conical hill.
21. How can ‘badland’ be identified on topographical map?
Ans. Badland is represented on a topographical map by broken black lines along the non-perennial rivers in dry or arid regions. The badlands are formed mostly due to gully erosion in dry or arid regions due to lack of vegetation, and rough soil.
22. What is spot height?
Ans. The exact height of any place above mean sea level(MSL) represented by a dot and the height mentioned in figures beside it on a toposheet, is known as spot height. The figures mentioned in the spot heights may be written in ‘feet’ or ‘metres’, depending on the type of scale of the map.
23. What do you mean by platform of a satellite?
Ans. The place where the artificial satellite is installed in space to move in its own circular or elliptical orbit is called the platform of the satellite.
24. What is an active sensor?
Ans. An active sensor is a sensing device that provides its own energy source for illumination. It emits radiation directed towards the target and detects and measures radiation reflected from the target. Thus, active sensors help satellites to capture images at night.
25. What is a passive sensor?
Ans. A passive sensor is a sensing device that simply detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment. In other words, a passive sensor can only be used to detect energy when emitted and reflected from the ground surface. Thus, passive sensors work when the sun is illuminating the earth.
26. What do you mean by FCC?
Ans. FCC means ‘False Colour Composite’. In case of satellite images, a different set of colour scheme other than their original colour is used to portray the physical features (rivers, vegetation, forests, relief, etc.) and the artificial features (roads, settlements, etc.) of the earth surface. The colour scheme used has a international standardisation. E.g. vegetation is shown in red colour.
27. What do you mean by escape velocity?
Ans. The escape velocity is the minimum velocity required by an object to escape the gravitational attraction of a planet or any other body. The unit for escape velocity is meters per second (m/s). The escape velocity of the earth is 11.2km/s.
28. Define topographical Map.
Ans. The maps that represent physical and cultural features of a region together on the same map drawn to a scale with the help of conventional symbols, are called topographical maps. This type of map isprepared on the basis of primarydata obtained by surveying a particular area. The topographical maps are prepared in India by the ‘Survey of India’. This organisation was established in 1767. Its headquarters is situated at Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
Multiple Choice Type Questions [MCQ type]
Write the correct answer from the given alternatives
1. The word ‘Satellite’ means ……… in French-
A. Celestial body moving around planets
B. Guard
C. Observation
D. Gatekeeper
Ans. B
2. Which one is a natural satellite?
A. Pluto
B. Earth
C. Jupiter
D. Moon
Ans. D
3. The first artificial satellite of the Earth was-
A. INSAT-1
B. Landsat-1
C. Sputnik 1
D. Aryabhatta
Ans. C
4. The first artificial satellite launched by India was-
A. INSAT-1
B. Landsat-1
C. Sputnik 1
D. Aryabhatta
Ans. D
5. The first astronaut from India, who visited space was-
A. Yuri Gagarin
B. Valentina Tereskova
C. Rakesh Sharma
D. Sunita Williams
Ans. C
6. The first satellite images of the earth were developed in the year-
A. 1959
B. 1965
C. 1970
D. 1947
Ans. A
7. The first artificial satellite launched by NASA was-
A. IRA-IA
B. LISS-II
C. NOAA
D. TIROS-1
Ans. D
8. The geo-stationary satellites are installed ……… km above the land surface-
A. 600 km
B. 6000 km
C. 12,000 km
D. 36,000 km
Ans. D
9. The place where an artificial satellite is installed in space is called the-
A. Spot
B. Sensor
C. Platform
D. Lansmat
Ans. C
10. ………. is a geo-stationary satellite launched by India-
A. METEOSAT
B. GOMS
C. INSAT
D. GMS
Ans. C
11. The sun-synchronous satellites are installed at a height of ……… km from the earth surface-
A. 500-700 km
B. 600-800 km
C. Above 40,000 km
D. Above 36,000 km
Ans. B
12. The sun-synchronous satellites move from-
A. East to West
B. West to East
C. North to South
D. South to North
Ans. C
13. In a satellite image, the vegetation appears to be-
A. Red
B. Blue
C. Green
D. Yellow
Ans. A
14. The topographical maps are constructed based on-
A. Mathematical calculations
B. Survey
C. Photographs
D. None of these
Ans. B
15. The Survey of India was established in-
A. 1567 A.D.
B. 1767 A.D.
C. 1667 A.D.
D. 1867 A.D.
Ans. B
16. The SPOT-1 satellite was launched in the year-
A. 1978
B. 1986
C. 1990
D. 1996
Ans. B
17. The main work of the SPOT satellite is-
A. To help in international trade
B. To forecast weather
C. To help in agriculture
D. To help in industrial development
Ans. A
18. The internationally accepted scale for the topographical maps is-
A. 1:1,000,000
B. 1:200,000
C. 1:100,000
D. 1:50,000
Ans. A
19. The topographical maps covering the South Asian region are drawn on a scale of-
A. 1:1,000,000
B. 1:200,000
C. 1:100,000
D. 1:10,000
Ans. B
20. The topographical maps covering India and its neighbouring countries are drawn on a scale of-
A. 1:1,000,000
B. 1:200,000
C. 1:100,000
D. 1:50,000
Ans. A
21. The LANDSAT-1 satellite collects data of Indian-
A. Forests
B. Soil erosion
C. Military routes
D. Radars of enemy countries
Ans. B
22. The topographical maps with a R.F. of 1:50,000 cover a latitudinal and longitudinal extent of-
A. 4° × 4°
B. 1° × 1°
C. 30′ × 30′
D. 15′ × 15′
Ans. D
23. The metric scale in ‘million sheet’ topographical maps is-
A. 1 cm to 10 km
B. 1 cm to 2.5 km
C. 1 cm to 1 km
D. 1 cm to 500 m
Ans. A
24. The geo-stationary satellite launched by Japan is-
A. INSAT
B. NOAA
C. GMS
D. LANDSAT
Ans. C
25. The infrared rays are used for acquiring-
A. Aerial photographs
B. Topographical maps
C. Satellite imageries
D. Different scales
Ans. C
26. ……… maps show physical and cultural features on the same map-
A. Mouza
B. Topographical
C. Weather
D. Political
Ans. B
27. The different features on the topographical maps are represented with the help of-
A. Graphs
B. Different colours
C. Conventional symbols
D. Scale
Ans. C
28. On topographical maps, height is represented with the help of-
A. Contour lines
B. Isobars
C. Isohytes
D. Isotherms
Ans. A
29. A satellite imagery is-
A. Photograph of the satellite
B. Photograph of the earth’s surface
C. Photograph of the space
D. Imagery developed with the help of information collected by the satellite
Ans. D
30. The sensor used in developing satellite imagery is-
A. MISS
B. LISS
C. DISS
D. TISS
Ans. B
31. The electromagnetic energy used by sensors which is then processed and developed into a satellite image comes from the-
A. Moon
B. Earth
C. Sun
D. None of these
Ans. C
32. The topographical maps are prepared in India by the-
A. Geological Survey of India (GSI)
B. Survey of India (SOI)
C. Anthropological Survey of India (ASI)
D. General Sample Survey (GSS)
Ans. B
Very Short Answer Type Questions
If the statement is true, write ‘T’ and if false, write ‘F’ against the following
1. Sensors are very important in remote sensing.
Ans. T
2. Photographs taken by artificial satellites are called satellite images.
Ans. T
3. The geo-stationary satellites move from the west to the east in the same direction as the earth’s rotation.
Ans. T
4. The ultraviolet rays of the electromagnetic spectrum are used in remote sensing.
Ans. F
5. The radio waves are the longest waves of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Ans. T
6. The topographical maps are more accurate than satellite imageries.
Ans. F
7. A map with R.F. 1:25,000 can be constructed to represent an area of 89 sq. km.
Ans. T
8. The satellite images in India are developed by the National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad.
Ans. T
9. The LANDSAT satellite gives information on the density of the ozone layer.
Ans. F
10. Radars are used to take photographs only at night.
Ans. F
Fill in the blanks with suitable words
1. INSAT-1 is an ……….
Ans. Artificial satellite
2. Advanced……… cameras are used in clicking satellite images.
Ans. High resolution
3. Information acquired about an object from a great distance without actually coming in contact with the object is called …….
Ans. Remote sensing
4. The geo-stationary satellites of India are of the ………. series.
Ans. INSAT
5. The total number of topographical maps drawn in the international series for both the northern and southern hemispheres of the earth is ………..
Ans. 2222
6. The three types of scales used in construction of maps are statement scale, R.F and …….
Ans. Linear scale
7. A ……… helps to collect secretive information such as photograph of missiles, military movements of enemies, etc.
Ans. Spy camera
8. The reflected electromagnetic waves are received by the ……… of satellites.
Ans. Sensors
9. The smallest unit of an image is called a …………
Ans. Pixel
10. The OCEANSAT satellite capture images after every ……… hours.
Ans. 48 hours
11. The LANDSAT satellite captured images of the same region after every ……… days.
Ans. 18 days
12. The father of remote sensing in India is ……….
Ans. P. R. Pisharoty
13. The unit used to measure the length of waves in a spectrum is ………
Ans. Micrometer
14. The ………… and ………. rays are not used in remote sensing.
Ans. Gamma, X
15. The ………… rays are used in remote sensing.
Ans. Infrared
16. The ultraviolet rays are absorbed by the ………. layer of the atmosphere, hence, they are not used in remote sensing.
Ans. Ozone
17. The IRS satellites were first launched in India in ……….
Ans. 1988
18. The use of ……….. is maximum in remote sensing.
Ans. Artificial satellites
19. The Indian Space Research Organisation is situated in …………
Ans. Bengaluru
20. The topographical maps are a type of ……….. maps.
Ans. Large scale
Answer in one or two words
1. What are the basic steps of remote sensing?
Ans. Collection of data, image analysis and interpretation.
2. What are the two methods of remote sensing?
Ans. Aerial photography and satellite imagery.
3. When was the term ‘remote sensing’ first used?
Ans. 1960.
4. Name the source of energy used in capturing satellite images.
Ans. Sun.
5. What is the R.F. of topographical maps the international series?
Ans. 1:1,000,000.
6. How many grids of topographical maps are there in India?
Ans. 135.
7. What is the scale of million sheets of Indian topographical maps?
Ans. 1:1,000,000.
8. What is the scale of the degree sheets of Indian topographical maps?
Ans. 1:250,000.
9. What are the topographic maps with a scale of 1:100,000 called?
Ans. Quadrant sheets.
10. Where is the headquarters of the Survey of India located?
Ans. Dehradun.
11. Where is the branch of Survey of India located in West Bengal?
Ans. Kolkata.
12. What is the contour interval in topographical maps?
Ans. 20 thin m (although some maps may have a contour interval of 10m).
13. What is the scale of inch sheets of Indian topographical maps?
Ans. 1:50,000.
14. What is the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of million sheets of Indian topographical maps?
Ans. 4° × 4°.
15. What is the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of degree sheets of Indian topographical maps?
Ans. 1° × 1°.
16. What is the the metric scale of degree sheets of topographical maps?
Ans. 1 cm to 2.5 km.
17. What kind of topographical map is map no. 73A?
Ans. Degree sheet.
18. What is the escape velocity needed to launch a satellite in space?
Ans. About 11.2 km/second.
19. What is the escape velocity on the surface of the moon?
Ans. About 2.31 km/second.
20. What is the escape velocity on the surface of the sun?
Ans. 617.6 km/second.
21. What are satellites that orbit the earth from west to east and stationed directly over the equator called?
Ans. Geo-stationary satellites.
22. What is a temporary orbit used during the launch of a satellite called?
Ans. Parking orbit.
23. Which satellites are deployed for military applications?
Ans. Reconnaisance satellites.
24. Name one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in India?
Ans. INSAT system.
25. What is the LANDSAT series presently known as?
Ans. NOAA.
26. When was the SPOT-1 satellite launched?
Ans. 1986.
27. From where was the SPOT-1 launched?
Ans. French Guiana.
28. What makes the sky appear blue?
Ans. Rayleigh scattering.
29. Mention an important use of a satellite image.
Ans. Weather forecast.
30. Mention a disadvantage of satellite images.
Ans. Cannot be understood by a layman.
31. What are topographical maps also known as?
Ans. Toposheets.
32. What are 1° × 1° toposheets called?
Ans. Degree sheets.
33. Where is the scale of the map mentioned in a toposheet?
Ans. South of the map.
34. What does the red colour in a toposheet indicate?
Ans. Settlements and roads.
35. How is natural vegetation represented on a toposheet?
Ans. In green colour.
36. What does NH indicate on a toposheet?
Ans. National Highway.
37. What do PS and DB indicate on a toposheet?
Ans. Police station, Dak Bunglow.
38. In which type of map, relief is shown by contour lines?
Ans. Topographical maps.
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