Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU is the part of a computer that performs the main function of information processing. The memory unit stores data. The computer supplies processed information back to the users using special output devices.
⇒ The Central Processing Unit or CPU, is the most important part of the computer. It is called the brain of the computer. It makes all the required calculations and processes data.
⇒ The CPU can be divided into three main components: (a) ALU(b) CU and (c) Registers.
(a) The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): ALU performs all the mathematical and logical operations on the information supplied to the CPU.
(b) Control Unit (CU): This unit directs the working of the CPU. It fetches instructions (Programs) from the memory and according to the instructions, controls the flow of data between the ALU and other parts of the computer.
(c) Registers : Registers are storage locations that hold instructions or data while the CPU is using them. The registers consist of flip-flops and the registers used by the CPU are the fastest memory elements in the computer. In contrast, the memory unit holds instructions and data before or after the CPU processes these.
Main attributes of CPU
(a) Data Width: It refers to the number of bits of data that can be manipulated within the CPU at one given time.
⇒ The data width of a computer is also called its word size.
⇒ Computers have data widths ranging from 8 to 64 bits.
⇒ A higher data width means the CPU is capable of processing data faster. A CPU with a higher data width is more powerful.
(b) Address Range: Address range refers to the amount of memory that can be directly read or written by the CPU.
(c) Clock Speed: The speed of CPU is known as Clock Speed. The computer is essentially composed of tiny devices that can be put on or off to indicate 1 or 0.
⇒ At any moment several thousand such devices change their state. To synchronize the change of all these components the CPU uses an internal clock.
⇒ With every tick of this clock all switches that need to change their position do so in perfect harmony.
⇒ The larger number of ticks per second the faster is the speed of the CPU.
⇒ The ticks per second of the internal clock are measured in megahertz and gigahertz.
⇒ Hertz is a unit of frequency.
⇒ 1 MHz = 1 million ‘ticks’ per second, 1 GHz = 1000 MHz
⇒ Higher the clock-speed, faster the computer.

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