JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 1 Resources and Development

J&K class 10th Social Science Resources and Development Important Questions and Answers

1. Survey. This is done by preparing an inventory of the resources. An expert body, like the Geological Survey of India in the case of mineral resources, uses various methods and techniques to identify and locate resources in different geographical areas. After that, an inventory is made.
2. Evaluation. This process of planning requires determining the types of resources that is likely to exist in an area or the region. Evaluation is done with respect to the need and availability of technology as well as the economy.
3. Exploitation. Resources, after survey and evaluation, have to be used and reused. These steps are taken to exploit the resources within a certain geographical area and time period. Planning of resource also involves correlating resources to their future needs.

1. To make judicious and planned use of resources.
2. To make proper provisions to meet the needs of the future generations.
3. To maintain resources in a healthy condition, so as to stop their degradation.
4. To seek involvement of the community, especially in the case of forests, land, water and air, so as to keep the resources in a renewable and healthy state.

1. These are free gifts of nature and useful elements of the environment.
2. These are technologically accessible.
3. These are economically feasible.
4. These are culturally acceptable.
5. They satisfy basic needs of human beings.
6. They are limited in supply.

1. The availability of resources is a necessary condition for development of any region.
2. Changes in technology and institutions help in the development.
3. Resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional changes.
4. In India, resource development in particular not only involves the availability of resources, but also the technology, quality of human resources and the historical experiences of the people.

1. At the international level, the Club of Rome advocated resource conservation for the first time in a more systematic way in 1968.
2. In 1974, the Gandhian Philosophy was presented once again by Schumacher in his book ‘Small is Beautiful’.
3. The seminal contribution with respect to resource conservation at the global level was made by the Brundtland Commission Report 1987. This report introduced the concept of ‘Sustainable Development’ and advocated it as means for resource conservation.
4. The report was later published in a book entitled ‘Our Common Future’.
5. Another significant contribution was made at the Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.

Long Answer Type Questions

TYPES OF RESOURCES

1. Biotic Resources. These are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.
2. Abiotic Resources. All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources. For example, rocks and metals.

1. Renewable Resources. The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as renewable or replenishable resources. For example, solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc. The renewable resource may further be divided into continuous or flow.
2. Non-renewable resources. Minerals and fuels are the examples of such resources. Some of the resources like metals are recyclable and some like fossil fuels cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use.

1. Individual Resources. The urban people own plots, houses and other property. Wood lots, pasture lands, ponds water in wells etc. are some of the examples of resources ownership by individuals.
2. Community owned Resources. There are resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. Village commons (grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, etc.) and public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds in urban areas are de facto accessible to all the people living there.
3. National Resources. All the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife land within the political boundaries and oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles (19.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources there in belong to the nation.
4. International Resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200 kms of Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions.

1. Potential Resources. Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised. For example, the western parts of India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far these have not been developed properly.
2. Developed Resources. Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation. The development of resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility.
3. Stock and Reserve. Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy the human needs but the human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these are included among stock.
4. Reserves are the subset of the stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing technical ‘know how’ but their uses have been postponed for meeting the future requirements.

1. Steep slopes. Steep slopes affect the rapidity of running water. On steep slopes, intensity of soil erosion increases.
2. Torrential rainfall. Heavy rainfall loosens the soil particles and scoops out the soil forming gullies and ravines. This gives rise to a dissected surface called badland as in Chambal Valley of India.
3. Strong winds. Winds and dust storm blow away soil in dry areas. This process is known as deflation.
4. Over-grazing. Due to over grazing, the vegetation becomes too thin to protect the soil. Rain and wind can easily erode the loose soil.
5. Over-cropping. Crop rotation maintains soil fertility. But over-cropping and shifting cultivation renders soil infertile.
6. Deforestation. Deforestation means the removal of forest cover and it exposes the area to soil erosion. Reckless cutting of trees has resulted in soil erosion along the Siwalik hills. Human misuse of the land through wrong farming practices, desforestation, etc. leads to the removal of soil cover.

• Sheet Erosion. When the soil is washed away in thin layers by water or wind, it is called Sheet Erosion. Fine silt and clay is removed from the top soil.
• Gully Erosion. It is done by running water by cutting channels. Gullies and ravines are formed by rapid run off. Bad land is formed over clay soils in Chambal Valley.

1. Afforestation. In some areas, the original vegetation cover has been removed such as in Shiwalik hills. In such areas afforestation and reforestation is needed to hold the soil. Advance of desert can be checked by planting trees along the margins of deserts.
2. Controlled grazing. The number of cattle to be grazed on slopes should be according to the carrying capacity of the pastures.
3. Terraced agriculture. Slopes must be cut into a series of terraces (fields) for cultivation so as to slow down the flow of rain water.
4. River dams. River dams are built in the upper course of rivers to control floods and check soil erosion.
5. Contour ploughing. Contour ploughing, terracing, and bunding is done to check soil wash on slopes. Ploughing is done at right angles to the hill slopes.
6. Crop rotation. Crop rotation system be applied and the land should be allowed fallow for some time. Soil fertility can be maintained in this way.
7. Other methods. In areas of heavy rain, basin type of cultivation be adopted. Tall trees should be grown as wind breaks and shelter belts in areas of strong winds. Strip cropping restricts soil erosion.

1. Mining. Mining, chiefly open cast mining or surface mining leads to degradation. Mining leads to abandonment of site or settlements, roads, factories which all lead to depletion of vegetation and consequently land degradation.
2. Mineral processing like grinding of limestone, quarrying and crushing of stones raise dust in atmosphere leading to environment degradation.
3. Land fills. Industries dump many non-degradable, toxic or radioactive wastes in landfills. These wastes cause greater damage to soil.
4. Effluents. Industries release many effluents in water bodies or in atmosphere. These effluents cause pollution of various types. Hence, land degradation.
5. Deforestation. Industries need land for setting up factories, townships, roads, buildings, etc. which ultimately lead to pressure on forest land and hence, deforestation. About 28 per cent of total degraded land belongs to this category.

1. We live on land. We perform our economic activities on land.
2. Land supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, transport and communication systems.
3. Land is an asset of a finite magnitude, therefore, it is important to use the available land for various purposes with careful planning.
4. India has land under a variety of relief features, namely; mountains, plateaus, plains and islands.
5. About 43 per cent of the land area is plain, which provides facilities for agriculture and industries.
6. Mountains account for 30 per cent of the total surface area of the country and ensure perennial flow of some rivers, provide facilities for tourism and ecological benefits.
7. About 27 per cent area of the country is the plateau region. It possesses rich reserves of minerals, fossil, fuels and forests.
8. We use land is different ways. Thus land is an important natural resource.

1. Conservation of resources is necessary as these are the basis of economic activities of man.
2. Resources must be conserved to meet the different human needs.
3. Conservation of resources is essential as life depends on these useful elements of environment such as air, water, soil, rocks, forests and water bodies.
4. Many areas of the world are still under-developed because the resources of these areas have not been used in a planned and rational manner.

MAP SKILLS

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Q. 3. Study the given map (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) carefully. Identify and name the soil type shown in each map.

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