JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 2 Nationalism in India

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 2 Nationalism in India

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 2 Nationalism in India

Jammu & Kashmir State Board JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions

INTRODUCTION TO THE CHAPTER

• The First World War started in 1914 A.D. and ended in 1918 A.D.
• Gandhiji led the Indian National Movement from 1919 A.D. to 1947 A.D. He united all the elements of the movement under one banner. He launched mass movements viz. Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement.
• The Second World War began in 1939 A.D. and ended in 1945 A.D.
• The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place on 13th April, 1919 A.D. in Amritsar. General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on innocent people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh.
• The Khilafat Movement was organised by Ali brothers in protest against the injustice done to Turkey after the First World War.
• The British Government sent the Simon Commission of seven members headed by Sir John Simon to review the reforms of 1919 A.D. Since no Indian was included in this Commission, the Congress boycotted it.
• The Congress held its session at Lahore in 1929 A.D. under the presidentship of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and passed the resolution of Complete Independence. Independence Day was celebrated in all important towns on 26th January, 1930.
• The British Government convened the First Round Table Conference in November 1930 to consider giving a shape to the reforms proposed by the Simon Commission. The Congress boycotted this conference. In 1931 A.D., the Viceroy Lord Irwin persuaded Gandhiji to stop the Civil Disobedience Movement and take part in the Second Round Table Conference. Gandhiji went to England and participated in the Second Round Table Conference but could achieve nothing.
• Based on the recommendations of the Simon Commission, the British Government passed the Government of India Act, 1935 which provided responsible governments in the provinces by elected representatives.
• 10. Elections were held in the country in 1937 A.D. and the Congress was able to get majority in seven out of eleven provinces. Ministries were formed and started doing good work for the people.
• The Second World War broke out in September 1939. The British Government declared India as a participant in war without consulting the Congress. In protest, all the Congress ministers resigned in November 1939 A.D.
• The British passsed several Acts to suppress Indians. But it had to surrender and grant freedom to India on August 15, 1947.

IMPORTANT TERMS

• Forced Recruitment. A process by which colonial state forced people to join the work.
• Boycott. The refusal to deal and associate with people, or participate in activities, or buy and use things, usually a form of protest.
• Picket. A form of demonstration or protest by which people block the enterance to a shop, factory or office.
• Begar. Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment.

Write in brief :

1. As a result of the First World War, several ruling dynasties were destroyed. The Romanov dynasty in Russia, the Hohenzollern in Germany and the Habsburg in AustriaHungary were overthrown. The Ottoman Empire was fast advancing to the grave. It helped in arousing the people of India.
2. The allied propaganda during the War to defend democracy and self-determination had created nationalist feelings in the colonies.
3. The arrival of Mahatma Gandhi in the political field of India marked a turning point in the history of National Movement. With the advent of Mahatma Gandhi, the Moderates, the Assertives and the revolutionaries were all combined.
4. The War had given rise to many social and economic problems. The MontagueChelmsford Reforms of 1919 could not satisfy the aspirations of the Indians. There arose a general discontentment in the Indian masses against the British rule.
5. The emergence of the Soviet Union and her declaration to support struggle for national independence contributed to the growth of struggle for freedom.

1. Prince of Wales College, Jammu (Now Government Gandhi Memorial Science College), became the centre of nationalist activities.
2. Students of the college actively participated in the movement. They boycotted the classes and many of them went Sialkot to meet Gandhi ji.
3. In a response to a handwritten letter of Lala Lajpat Rai, 262 Students of this college attended a meeting at Gujranwala in Punjab.
4. Such acts of non-cooperation and defiance of official orders were taken seriously by the authorities and led to their expulsion from the college. But such measures could not demoralize the students and they actively participated in the movement.
5. People boycotted foreign cloth. Many meetings were held in J&K. People were persuaded to boycott the foreign goods, use Swadeshi goods and abstain from liquor.

1. Satyagraha was the non-violent method of fighting against imperialism used by Gandhiji. Gandhiji adopted this method in his struggle against the racist regime in South Africa and the British Empire in India.
2. It laid stress on the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true and if the struggle was against injustice, one was bound to succeed in the end without resorting to violent means.
3. Without being aggressive, a satyagrahi could appeal to the conscience of the oppressor. People, including the oppressors had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept the truth through the use of violence.
4. By this struggle, truth was bound to win in the end. Picketing was one of the ways of Gandhiji’s satyagraha.

1. The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms disappointed the Indians. Consequently, there was widespread discontentment throughout the country. In the midst of this discontent, the government resorted to new measures of repression. In March 1919, the Rowlatt Act was passed. This was based on the report of the Rowlatt Commission. The Assembly had opposed it. It empowered the government to put people in jails without any trial. The passing of this Act aroused the indignation of the poeple. The new measures of repression were condemned as the Black Acts. Gandhiji, who had formed a Satyagraha Sabha earlier, called for a countrywide protest. The government resorted to brutal measures to put down the agitation and there were lathicharges and firings at a number of places.
2. In the midst of this repression, a ghastly massacre took place at Amritsar. On 10th April 1919 A.D., two nationalist leaders, Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew were arrested. There is a small park in Amritsar called the Jallianwala Bagh. The park is enclosed on three sides by high walls. A narrow lane leads to the park. On 13th April 1919 A.D., people gathered there to protest against the arrest of the two leaders. The meeting was peaceful. There were many old men, women and children in the meeting. Suddenly, a British military officer, General Dyer, entered the park with his troops. Without even giving a warning to the people to disperse, he ordered his troops to open fire. The troops fired at the unarmed crowd for ten minutes and when their ammunition was exhausted, they left. In those ten minutes, according to the estimates of the Congress, about a thousand people were killed and about 2,000 wounded.

1. In 1927 A.D., the British Government appointed a Commission to enquire into the working of the Government of India Act of 1919 and to suggest further reforms in the system of administration. This Commission is known as the Simon Commission, after Sir John Simon who headed it. Its appointment came as a rude shock to the Indian people. The members of the Commission were all Englishmen and not a single Indian was included in it. The Government showed no inclination of accepting the demand for Swaraj. The composition of the Commission confirmed the fears of the Indian people.
2. The appointment of the Commission sparked off a wave of protest all over the country. In 1927, the annual session of the Congress was held at Chennai. It decided to boycott the Commission. The Muslim League also decided to boycott the Commission.
3. The Commission arrived in India on 3rd February 1928 A.D. On that day, the entire country observed a hartal. In the afternoon, meetings were held all over the country to condemn the appointment of the Commission and to declare that the people of India would have nothing to do with it. There was firing at demonstrators in Chennai and lathicharged at many places. The Commission faced massive protest demonstrations and hartals wherever it went. The Central Legislative Assembly decided by a majority that it would have nothing to do with the Commission. All over the country the cry of ‘Simon Go Back’ was raised. The police resorted to repressive measures. Thousands of people were beaten up. It was during these demonstrations that the great nationalist leader Lala Lajpat Rai, who was popularly known as Sher-e-Punjab, was severely assaulted by the police. He died of the injuries inflicted on him by the police. In Lucknow, Jawaharlal Nehru and Govind Ballabh Pant were among those who suffered blows of police lathis. The lathi blows crippled Govind Ballabh Pant for life.

DISCUSS

1. Peasants in rural areas. The peasants in rural areas were being oppressed by talukdars and landlords who demanded from them high rents and a variety of other taxes. Peasants had to beg and work at the landlords’ farms without any payment. As tenants they had no security of tenure and no right over the leased land. So they joined the Non-cooperation Movement so that they could demand reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords. As the movement spread in 1921, they attacked the houses of talukdars and merchants, looted bazaars and took over grain hoards.
2. Tribal people. In the tribal regions, the British Government closed large forest areas. It prevented the people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect firewood and fruits. This enraged the people. Not only were their livelihoods affected but they felt that their traditional rights were being denied. The government had even started forcing them to contribute begar for road building. Therefore, the tribal people joined the Non-cooperation Movement to save their livelihoods and traditional rights and not to do begar. But they resorted to violent means against Gandhiji’s wish. They attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.
3. Plantation workers. In Asom, plantation workers took freedom as the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed. It meant for them retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission. In fact they were rarely given such permission. When they heard of the Non-cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages. They, however, never reached their destination. They were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

1. In December 1929, the Congress Session was held at Lahore with Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru as the president. In this session, the Congress declared the attainment of complete Independence as its aim and decided to launch a Civil Disobedience Movement under the leadership of Gandhiji.
2. Gandhiji started the Civil Disobedience Movement with what is known as the Salt March. He had found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation. He along with his 78 followers, went to Dandi, on the western coast in Gujarat on foot. He reached there on April 5, 1930 and broke the law by making salt.
3. The Salt March proved a very effective symbol of resistance against colonialism. Thousands of people came to hear wherever Gandhiji went. Gandhiji told them the meaning of swaraj and asked them to peacefully defy the British. People were asked not only to refuse co-operation with the British but also to break the colonial rules. Inspired by Gandhiji, thousands of people in various parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories. As the movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted and liquor shops were picketed. Peasants refused to pay land tax and other taxes. Village officials resigned. In many places forest people violated forests laws. They went into reserved forests to collect wood and graze cattle.

1. Scheduled Caste leaders demanded a separate electorate that would choose Scheduled Caste members for legislative councils. They believed that political empowerment would resolve the problems of their social disabilities. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar clashed with Gandhiji at the Second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for Scheduled Castes. But Gandhiji believed that separate electorates for Scheduled Castes would slow down their integration into society. Dr. Ambedkar, however, agreed to have joint electorates with the Hindus if the seats for Scheduled Castes were reserved in provincial and central legislative councils.
2. The Muslim leaders, like Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Muhammad Iqbal also demanded a separate electorate for the Muslims so that political rights and other interests of the Muslims could be protected. They were of the opinion that the majority of the people were the Hindus. If there prevailed the system of joint electorates, the Muslims would not be able to secure seats in the provincial and central legislative councils.
3. The Congress strongly opposed the British policy of separate electorates. According to it, this provision would become an obstacle in the way of national movement for independence. The British wanted to sow the seeds of hatred in India in order to safeguard their rule in India.

1. The development of national movement in India had its impact on the minds of cultural intelligentsia of J&K.
2. The local culture, folk traditions and performing arts became an effective weapon of communication and connectivity with the common masses Local culture of J&K also helped in spreading the ideas of nationalism and anti-imperialism.
3. The writings of eminent writers such as Gulam Ahmad Mahjoor’s, Dina Nath Nadim etc. were full of the ideas of nationalism and humanity. Their poetry in Kashmiri language advocated for religious syncreticism, harmony, brotherhood and peace in society.
4. The collection and publication of evocative and emotive vaakhs was done by the British Indologists like G.A. Grierson and Lionel Barnets. These vaakhs represented the ideas of Kashmiriyat as a cultural repertoire of the generations of Kashmir.
5. Likewise the Shrukhs of Sheikh Noor ud-din in Kashmiri language created a Vehicle to promote devotional religion among the common masses.

PROJECT

Fill in the blanks

True or False

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. The central and provincial legislative councils were enlarged. A few more elected members were added. These members were elected by the landlords and chambers of commerce.
2. The councils had no real powers. Separate electorates were introduced for the Muslims. This was in tune with the policy of divide and rule. This encouraged communalism.

1. There was fear that by opposing the British government, the Muslim middle and upper classes’ economic interests would suffer.
2. The Muslims also suspected that some Congress extremist leaders were associated with the revival of Hinduism.

1. The renunciation of titles.
2. The boycott of legislatures, law courts and educational institutions.
3. The campaign of non-payment of taxes.

1. The popularization of Charkha.
2. Promotion of Hindu-Muslim unity.
3. To oppose untouchability.

1. Attainment of Complete Independence.
2. To launch a Civil Disobedience Movement under the leadership of Gandhiji.
3. To celebrate 26 January as Independence Day in the country.

1. To fetch or manufacture contraband salt.
2. To picket liquor shops, opium dens and shops selling foreign cloth.
3. Burning of foreign cloth.

1. Sanyasi Revolt in 1770 A.D., against the restriction on visiting the religious places.
2. Indigo Revolt in 1859-61 A.D., against the oppression of Indigo cultivators.
3. The Ramossi Revolt in 1822, 1825 and 1828 A.D. against Land Revenue Policy of British government.
4. Movement was started by Seva Ram, the Bheel chief in 1817 A.D. to re-install their old ruler.

1. First provision of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931 was that Gandhiji will call-off the civil disobedience movement.
2. Second provision of this pact was that the government promised to release all the prisoners arrested during the civil disobedience movement.

1. Khilafat Movement was launched in 1919 A.D.
2. Ali Brothers-Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali were its important leaders.

1. Kheda Satyagraha in 1917 for cultivators.
2. Ahmedabad Satyagraha in 1918 for textile mill workers. Gandhiji started Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930 only from Gujarat.

Short Answer Type Questions.

1. ‘Swaraj’ meant the self-government or the government of the people’s representatives under the British regime as prevailing in the self-governed British colonies. It did not mean complete independence nor freedom from all foreign control.
2. The Complete Independence’ meant full freedom from all internal and external control. Thus, ‘Swaraj’ and ‘Complete Independence’ differed from each other. Swaraj meant selfgovernment under the British control and Complete Independence meant democratic government without any foreign control.
3. The resolution of Complete Independence was passed in 1929 A.D. at the Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress.

1. It clearly defined the jurisdiction of the central and provincial governments.
2. The central legislature now consisted of two houses with elected majorities.
3. The franchise was limited and the legislature had no real power.
4. In the provinces, a system of dyarchy was introduced.
5. There were certain provincial subjects which were under the jurisdiction of the legislative councils.
6. The governors had wide powers of interference and the legislatures were practically powerless.

1. During the First World War, Gandhiji came to the scene of Indian politics. His methods of non-violence, Satyagraha, truth, etc., changed the national movement into mass movement.
2. The British had spent a lot of money to win the First World War. They imposed many taxes on Indians to recover that money. General masses turned against this step of government.
3. In 1919 A.D., the British introduced many reforms but they were not according to the aspirations of Indians. Indian masses got angry and turned against the government.
4. In 1919 A.D., Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place. People became angry with this and revolted against the government.

1. The British came to India in the form of traders. But slowly, they gained political control over the country and captured whole of India. They started to exploit India economically.
2. They imposed heavy taxes on farmers and peasants because of which the poor became starved of even the basic necessities. The landlords left them at the mercy of the money lenders.
3. Unemployed and exploited peasantry joined the national movement of freedom. The British also destroyed indigenous trade and industry.
4. They started to take raw materials at low prices and sold finished products at a higher price. With this, people became poor which in turn, created hate for the Britishers.

1. The Christian missionaries started to propagate Christianity in their area and tribal people started converting into Christians. This led to a sharp response by the local people and they launched movements to save their religion and culture.
2. The British government put restrictions on grazing facilities and the use of timber by tribal people and these were the only two main means of their livelihood. That was why they started a movement to get back their right.
3. The British government passed certain laws with which it was authorized to interfere in their personal matters. It has aroused sharp response and they started to revolt against the government.

1. During the war, prices of essential commodities were doubled by 1918 A.D.. People had to face several hardships.
2. During this period, there was an acute shortage of food-grains because of the crop failure in many parts of the country.
3. A number of rural people were forcibly recruited in the army. People became angry with this.
4. Nationalist movement took place and gathered strength and common people joined this movement.
5. Mahatma Gandhi emerged on the scenario of nation during the war which became a decisive force in getting independence from the British.

1. In this movement, the British institutions like schools, colleges, courts, offices were boycotted. In alternate of that, local institutions were required to solve the problems of boycott. But they were very slow in coming up and tackling the problems of the people.
2. In this movement, people were advised to use Khadi instead of foreign cloth. But Khadi was very expensive and was out of reach of the poor people. Foreign cloth was within the reach of poor people and was also affordable.
3. In the absence of alternate institutions, students, teachers, lawyers, etc., returned to their schools, colleges, courts, etc. This led to slowing down of movement in the cities.

1. Gandhiji was of the view that the British power in India was established with the help of Indians. So, to overthrow the British power out of India, Indians should stop co-operating with the British.
2. Gandhiji proposed that this movement would be up-folded in stages. First of all, government titles would be surrendered, then government institutions like schools, colleges, courts, police, civil services, etc., should be boycotted by the people.
3. Third proposal given by Gandhiji was that if, after boycott, government would try to repress the movement then complete Civil Disobedience Movement would be launched.

1. The image of Bharat Mata came to be identified with India, the motherland. She was first painted by Rabindranath Tagore. She was portrayed as a ascetic figure-calm, composed, divine and spiritual. Later the image was painted by many other artists and acquired different forms. This image was circulated in popular prints.
2. The flag also became a symbol of nationalism. During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolor flag was designed with eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India and a crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims. Gandhiji also designed the Swaraj flag.
3. Carrying the flag and holding it aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance.

1. Champaran. It was a district of Bihar which was famous for indigo plantation. European planters used to suppress the planters and Gandhiji gave his help to these planters. Finally, inally, the go government met the demand and relaxed the pressure on the planters.
2. Kheda. Peasants of Kheda in Gujarat also faced the same type of problems. Despite famine, they were forced to pay land revenue. Gandhiji also started Satyagraha and the government had to make an agreement with the peasants.
3. Ahmedabad. Mill workers of Ahmedabad called Gandhiji to resolve the dispute between workers and owners. Under the leadership of Gandhi, they called a strike and finally the mill owners agreed to increase their wages.

1. Every section of society i.e. women, merchants, traders etc. participated in the movement. Complete hartal was observed in the region.
2. Revolutionary slogans of ‘Down with the Union Jack’ echoed in the whole region.
3. But the movement could not spread in rural areas because of strict directions of the authorities. That’s why peasants remained away from the movement.

1. The government passed the orders of the dissolution of the Dogra Sadar Sabha which was working on the political lines of the Congress.
2. The only newspaper, Ranbir, which was reporting the progress of the movement was gagged. It was accused of spreading propaganda against the British government.
3. Picketing the shops was prohibited by the authorities.
4. The Education department gave clear orders to keep students away from the movement.

1. On 31st October, 1932, the Maharaja made a formal announcement of the opening of the doors of the state temples and places of worship to the Harijans.
2. It was ordered that all the government schools and public wells will be shared equally by everyone.
3. He was the first ruler of the princely states to take such a revolutionary step for the emancipation of Harijans even before Gandhi launched this movement in British India.

Long Answer Type Questions and

1. Political Unification of the Country. The first and most important factor was the British imperialism. The British imperialism brought all the Indian states together and united them into one. The British imperialism gave political unity to India with one set of administration and laws. The anti-imperialist feelings of the people, throughout the country, created a common national outlook.
2. Economic Exploitation of the People. The East India Company and even under the Crown, the foreign government followed a policy of economic exploitation of India. Indian wealth was drained to England and economic upliftment of India was completely subordinated. The result was unemployment, poverty and famines all throughout the country.
3. Western Education and Thought. The British conquest brought the Indians in a very close contact with the Europeans. In the 19th century, national movements were going on in European countries. It had its impact upon the Indians too. The Indians received Western education and studied the Western literature. The Western ideas of equality, liberty and brotherhood had their influence in India too.
4. Press. Press is a powerful medium for the growth of consciousness and for mass awakening. Both Indian and English presses did a lot to infuse nationalism among the people. Newspapers like ‘Kesari, Bombay Samachar, The Hindu and Amrita Bazar Patrika’ played an appreciable part in this direction.

1. In 1928 A.D., the Simon Commission visited India. The Indians boycotted this Commission. The Commission published its report despite the protest from the Indians. The nationalist leaders were not happy on the recommendations of the Commission. It caused great resentment among the people.
2. The Nehru Report was published. It was the first attempt by Indians in respect of the Indian Constitution. The government did not accept it which singnified disrespect to the sentiments of the people.
3. In anti-Simon Commission agitation, the demonstrators were brutally assaulted. Lala Lajpat Rai had a fatal injury. This created a feeling of anti-British rule in India.
4. There was a successful Peasant Movement in Bardoli. This inspired Gandhiji to launch a serious agitation against the government.
5. In 1929 A.D., two important events-Meerut and Lahore Conspiracy cases aroused popular resentment against the British Government.
6. In 1929 A.D., the Congress had declared Complete Independence as its aim in the Lahore Session. On 26th January 1930, Independence Day was celebrated all over the country.

Because of these reasons, Gandhiji decided to start the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Progress of the Movement. The movement started with Gandhiji’s Dandi March on foot. At seashore, Gandhiji and his followers manufactured salt from sea water and violated the Salt Act. From there, the movement spread throughout the country. People violated the government laws at different places. The government used repressive measures to crush the movement. About one lakh people including the leaders were arrested. Sixty-seven papers were banned at Peshawar. The Indian soldiers refused to open fire on the demonstrators. In Solapur, Martial Law had to be imposed. In Chittagong, the revolutionaries captured the armoury. There was a pact between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Irwin, known as the GandhiIrwin Pact. The Congress agreed to participate in the Second Round Table Conference at London. The Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended.

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