JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 5 Popular Struggles and Movements

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Jammu & Kashmir State Board JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions

INTRODUCTION TO THE CHAPTER

This chapter is about those people who have the political power but they are constrained by the influence and pressure exerted on them.
In democracy we can, no doubt, see the conflict of views and interests of the people and these differences are generally expressed in an organized way. People, who are in power, need to maintain balance between pressures and conflicting interests.
Nepal was a Monarchy from long-long time but due to the popular struggles of Maoists and SPA it came back to democracy.
Bolivia has also faced a water war. One multinational company had bought the right over water in the country and had sent bills to people of water used by them. Then a popular struggle was started and the contract with MNC was cancelled.
Democracy comes through popular struggle and democratic conflicts could be resolved through mass mobilisation.
In any democratic struggle not just political parties are involved but intelligentsia, salaried class and other people also join this type of struggle.
Pressure groups are those organizations which try to influence government’s policies but their aim is not to control directly the political power.
A movement is an attempt to affect politics rather than directly to take part in election but it has a very loose organization.
Generally interest groups are those groups which try to promote the interests of any particular group of the society and they are concerned with the well being of their members.
Promotional groups are also known as public interest groups. They never try to promote the interests of the one group rather they believe in the promotion of interests of the whole nation.
Movement groups are the groups which are related with any particular issue and try to achieve any single aim within a time frame.
Pressure groups and movements influence politics in a number of ways by gaining public support, by calling the strike, by lobbying, etc.

IMPORTANT TERMS

Maoists. Communists who believe in the ideology of Mao-Tse-Tung and believe in overthrowing government through armed struggle.
Democracy. Democracy is the government of the people, for the people and by the people.
Third Wave Countries. Those countries which had won their democracy in the later part of century.
SPA. It is a seven party alliance which was formed in Nepal to overthrow the monarchy of King Gyanendra.
MNC. MNC is a multinational company whose business is spread through many countries like NIKE, Reebok, TATA, etc.
Pressure Groups. Any organized or unorganized group which tries to influence government policies and try to promote its interests.
Movement. It tries to influence politics instead of directly taking part in elections.
Sectional Interest Groups. Any group of persons which is formed to promote any specific goal or which tries to promote interests of any particular group.
Public Interest Group. A group of people which promotes the interests of the people of society in general instead of interests of any particular group.
FEDECOR. It was an organization which had led the Bolivia’s spontaneous popular protest against an MNC.

J&K class 10th Social Science Popular Struggles and Movements Textbook Questions and Answers

Q. 1. In what ways do pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics?

Ans. Pressure groups are organized and unorganized groups which try to influence government policies and try to promote its interests. Movements also try to influence politics but they both do not take part in direct elections. They both try to influence the politics in one way or the other. They affect the politics in the ahead ways:

These pressure groups and movements start to campaign on any particular issue so that the public support could be gained. These both take the help of mass media so that more attention could be given to them by public.
They generally call for a strike, they march the protest and try to disrupt the governmental programmes. They often call for strikes and dharnas to raise their voice, Most of the federations, unions are used to take this route to influence governmental policies.
Generally business groups form a lobby of the people with common objectives so that the government could be pressurised to change its policies.

Q. 2. Describe the forms of relationship between pressure groups and political parties.

Ans. Generally pressure groups are those groups of people who try to influence government policies. They have some of their aims and they try to achieve those aims by exerting pressure on the government. Its main aim is to influence the government policies. Generally the members of these groups are those people who have some of their common interests, goals, aims, etc. They never try to contest the elections but they have their own ideas. The forms of relationships between pressure groups and political parties are given below :

In many cases these pressure groups are being formed or led by the political parties. Then these pressure groups act as extended arms of political parties. For example, labour unions formed by different political parties.
Many a time movements gave birth to political parties. If the struggle of aims becomes too long then many a time it takes the form of political party. For example, the roots of DMK and AIADMK can be seen from the movements.
Many a time political parties and interest groups stand against or in front of each other. Then their relations are not direct but dialogue and negotiations are there. Their views and ideas are opposite to each other.

Q. 3. Explain how the activities of pressure groups are useful in the functioning of a democratic government.

Is the influence of pressure groups and movements healthy for democracy ? Comment.

Ans. Pressure group is a group of people who try to achieve their aims by influencing the governmental policies. People with common aims, occupations, etc. form these groups. In start, it seems that these pressure groups are not good for democracy because they try to influence the governmental policies to achieve aims of one particular group. In democracy. government will have to take care of interests of all the sections of society. Another factor against it is that these groups are trying to get powers but without taking any responsibility. Like political parties, these groups are not bound to face the people in elections and they are not accountable to any one. They are not getting any support or money from the masses. Many a time due to their wealth, but little public support, they try to gain public sympathy in favour of their narrow agenda.

But on the other hand pressure groups and movements are very much necessary for the democracy. If everyone in the country is getting equal opportunity then these are not unhealthy for society. Generally government comes under pressure of these rich and influential people. Movements and public interest groups can play a useful role to reduce this undue control and they can tell the government about needs of the ordinary people from time to time.

Even different sectional interest groups can play an important role in it. If any interest group tries to influence the government to achieve its aims, then another interest group can also counter-attack first group and can create hurdles in the desires of first group. From this government can come to know about the needs of the people and government can accommodate all of them with conflicting interests.

Q. 4. What is a pressure group ? Give few examples.

Ans. Pressure groups are organized and unorganized groups which try to influence government policies and try to promote its interests. They have some of their aims and they try to achieve those aims by exerting pressure on the government. Generally, the members of these groups are those people who have some of their common interests. They never try to directly contest the elections like political parties, but they try to control the power with their influence. They do not aim directly to control the political power.

Examples. Narmada Bachao Andolan, Anti-Liquor Movement, Movement for Right to Information are some of the examples of pressure groups.

Q. 5. What is the difference between a pressure group and a political party ?

Ans.

A political party is generally a much larger organisation than a pressure group. The parties seek to win the active support of millions of voters, whereas pressure groups are very rarely supported by more than a small minority of people i.e. by those who have some common interest.
Political parties have policies on a wide range of issues, whereas pressure groups’ programme is limited and it deals with specific purpose.
According to Hitchner and Levine, the fundamental difference is that a political party submits its claims periodically to the electorate and is willing to assume responsibility for the operation of a government whereas an interest group does not.

Q. 6. Organisations that undertake activities to promote the interests of specific social sections such as workers, employees, teachers, and lawyers are called ………….. groups.

Ans. Organisations that undertake activities to promote the interests of specific social sections such as workers, employees, teachers and lawyers are Interest groups.

Q. 7. Which among the following is the special feature that distinguishes a pressure group from a political party ?

(A) Parties take political stances, while pressure groups do not bother about political issues.

(B) Pressure groups are confined to a few people, while parties involve larger number of people.

(d) Pressure groups do not seek to mobilise people, while political parties do.

Ans. Answer of this question is option (c) that the difference of pressure group and a political party is that pressure groups do not seek to get into powers, while political parties do.

Q. 8. Match List-I (organisations and struggles) with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:

Ans. Answer to this question is option (B).

Q. 9. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:

Ans. Answer to this question is option (A).

Q. 10. Consider the following statements about pressure groups and parties.

(A) Pressure groups are organised expression of the interests and views of specific social sections.

(B) Pressure groups take positions on political issues.

Which of the statements given above are correct ?

(A) A, B, and C (B) A and B (c) B and C (d) A and C.

Ans. Answer to this question is option (B) that statements A and B are correct.

Q. 11. Mewat is one of the most backward areas in Haryana. It used to be a part of district Gurgaon and Faridabad. The people of Mewat felt that the area will get better attention if it were to become a separate district. But political parties were indifferent to this sentiment. The demand for a separate district was raised by Mewat Educational and Social Organisation and Mewat Saksharta Samiti in 1996. Later Mewat Vikas Sabha was founded in 2000 and carried out a series of public awareness campaigns. This forced both the major parties, Congress and the Indian National Lok Dal, to annouce their support for the new district before the assembly elections held in February 2005. The new district came into existence in July 2005.

In this example what is the relationship that you observe among movement, political parties and the government ? Can you think of an example that shows a relationship different from this one ?

Ans. This example tells us that there were two pressure groups in Mewat who raised the demand of better attention for the people. Even another pressure group Mewat Vikas Sabha has started a campaign for it. So due to the campaigns of pressure groups, political parties were forced to support that movement so that they can get maximum votes in the coming elections. Due to their efforts government made it a district which shows that government was unable to ignore the demand of pressure groups and political parties.

Another example of this type is from neighbouring state Punjab where Kisan unions had demanded free electricity and power. Both the main parties SAD and INC also agreed to that demand and promised to do the same if came to power. It shows that pressure groups play an important role in changing or making the policies of government.

J&K class 10th Social Science Popular Struggles and Movements Important Questions and Answers

Objective Type Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Where is Bolivia situated ?

(A) Latin America

(B) North America

(D) Africa.

Ans. (A) Latin America.

2. Democracy can be evolved through ………… .

(A) Popular struggle

(B) Mass mobilisation

(D) All of these. B

Ans. (D) All of these.

3. Why was popular movement started in Bolivia ?

(A) Due to water bills

(B) Due to poor state of country

(D) None of these.

Ans. (A) Due to water bills.

4. Those organizations which are formed to promote their interests are known as ……….

(A) Sectional groups

(B) Movement groups

(D) Movements.

Ans. (C) Interest groups.

5. Groups which try to influence government policies are known as ………….

(A) Movement groups

(B) Pressure groups.

(D) None of these.

Ans. (B) Pressure groups.

6. Movements have ……….

(A) Loose organization

(B) Tight organization

(D) None of these.

Ans. (A) Loose organization.

7. Which of these takes direct part in elections ?

(A) Interest groups

(B) Sectional groups

(D) Pressure groups.

Ans. (C) Political parties.

8. Which of these groups promotes collective rather than section ?

(A) Interest groups

(B) Public interest group

(D) Pressure groups.

Ans. (B) Public interest group.

9. Narmada Bachao Andolan is a good example of ………..

(A) Interest group

(B) Political party

(D) Movement group.

Ans. (D) Movement group.

10. How can pressure groups and movements pressurise government ?

(A) By gaining public support

(B) By organizing protest activities

(D) All of these.

Ans. (D) All of these.

11. Nepal witnessed an extraordinary popular movement in …………..

(A) January 2006

(B) February 2006

(D) April 2006.

Ans. (D) April 2006.

Fill in the blanks

1. Bolivia situated in ………….. America.

Ans. Latin

2. Umbrella movement started in ……….. in sept., 2014.

Ans.Hong-Kong

3. BAMCEF is ………….. and minorities community Employees’ Federation.

Ans.Backward

4. Kittiko-Hachciko Movement was started in …………… in 1987.

Ans.Karnatka

True or False

1. Nepal movement was started in April 2010.

Ans.False

2. FEDECOR belongs to Bolivia.

Ans. True

3. ‘SPA’ means Seven Party Alliance.

Ans. True

4. Reading Room Party belongs to Haryana.

Ans. False

5. New constitution was implemented in Nepal in Sep. 2015.

Ans. True

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q. 1. What do you mean by countries of ‘Teesari Lehar’?

Ans. Nepal is one of the third wave country. Third wave countries were those countries which had won democracy from either monarchy, dictatorship or from colonial rule.

Q. 2. What was the aim of movement of April 2006 in Nepal ?

Ans. In April 2006, an extraordinary popular movement was started in Nepal. The main aim of this movement was to restore democracy and to regain control of the country from King Gyanendra who was using oppressive methods to curb political parties.

Q. 3. Kittiko-Hakiviko movement was started by farmers of which state ?

Ans. Kittiko-Hakiviko movement was started by farmers of Karnataka State.

Q. 4. Why Nepal’s second movement for democracy was started ?

Ans. Before restoration of democracy in Nepal, all the powers of the country were rested in the hands of the king. Nepal’s second movement for democracy was started to take all these powers away from the king and give it to the people or to the government.

Q. 5. Why people of Balivia revolted ?

Ans. Bolivia’s protest was against privatisation of water resources and many pressure groups, professionals, engineers, environmentalists, farmers, factory worker’s unions, middle class students were involved in it.

Q. 6. Who got the actual power after the restoration of democracy in Nepal ?

Ans. In Nepal, the King was the real head of the country but after the restoration of democracy, all the powers were taken away from him and were given to elected representatives of the people so that they are able to take decisions for the country.

Q. 7. What was the main difference between popular struggles of Nepal and Bolivia ?

Ans. Both the popular struggles of Nepal and Bolivia were very much different from each other. Nepal’s popular struggle was about the main foundations of country politics or to change country from monarchy to democracy. But Bolivia’s popular struggle was against the one specific policy of the government.

Q. 8. What is the main difference in political party and pressure group ?

Ans. The main difference in political party and pressure group is that political party wants to gain control over power by contesting direct elections but pressure groups want to control the powers by not directly contesting the elections.

Q. 9. Why movement was started by SPA in Nepal ?

Ans. SPA was Seven Party Alliance of Nepal. It started movement in Nepal so that Parliament of Nepal is restored, power is be given to an all party government and to constitute a new constituent assembly.

Q. 10. What was FEDECOR ?

Ans. FEDECOR was an organization which was organized by local professionals, engineers and environmentalists of Bolivia. It protested against the privatization of water in Bolivia.

Q. 11. How can we protest indirectly in democracy ?

Ans. We can organize an organization in democracy to protest indirectly. This organization can pressurize the government to meet its interests. These organizations can be called as interest groups or pressure groups.

Q. 12. Which methods can be used by pressure groups or interest groups to meet their demands ?

Ans. Pressure groups can use mass media, demonstrations, rallies, strikes, lobbying to meet their demands. They can also make contacts with political leaders or ministers for their demands as well. They can also use publicity to tell the people about their demands.

Q. 13. What is the meaning of ‘BAMCEF’ ?

Ans. BAMCEF is Backward and Minorities Community Employees Federation. This organization mainly consists of government officials who campaign against caste discrimination and who believe in social equality.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q. 1. How King Gyanendra gained power in Nepal ?

Ans. In Nepal King was the formal head of the country but the real power was in the hands of elected representatives of the people. King Birendra had changed the complete Monarchy to constitutional monarchy but he was killed in mysterious circumstances in 2001. Then Gyanendra became the king of Nepal but he did not accept the democratic rule. He took advantage of the weak and unpopular democratically elected government and in Feb. 2005, he dismissed the government and Parliament and then took control of the country.

Q. 2. What was the reason of spontaneous popular protest in Bolivia ?

Ans. Bolivia is a Latin American country which is very poor. Due to the pressure of World Bank, government gave up the control of municipalities over water and sold its rights to a Multinational company. Company very quickly increased the price of water by 4 times and started to collect bills for it. In a country like Bolivia, where average income of people is around Rs. 5,000 per month, people were given the bills of Rs. 1,000 to pay. Due to this reason spontaneous popular protest was started in Bolivia.

Q. 3. What were the similarities in both the movements of Nepal and Bolivia ?

Ans. Though there were many differences in both the movements yet there were a number of similarities in them also. Both these movements were because of political conflict which had resulted in popular struggle against authorities. In both the cases, general masses were mobilized and involved. Public demonstration of collectivity resolved the issues and both the cases involved critical role of political organizations. ga

Q. 4. Explain Bolivia’s Water War.

Ans. Bolivian government was forced to sell the water rights to an MNC because of pressure of World Bank. People protested against it. In January 2000, many human rights organizations and other parties organized a 4 day general strike. Government agreed to negotiate but nothing happened. Police started brutal repression but agitation was again started in February. Government imposed martial law but the force of the people forced the MNC officials to leave the city. Then government conceeded to demands of strikers and the contract with MNC was cancelled. Supply of water was again given to municipalities. This is known as Bolivia’s Water War.

Q. 5. What was Kittiko Hachchiko Movement ?

Ans. In 1984, a company called Karnataka Pulpwood Limited was established by Karnataka government. 30,000 hectares of land was given free to the company for next 40 years. Most of the portion of this land was used by farmers to graze animals. But company started to plant eucalyptus trees so that they could be used to make paper pulp. In 1987, Kittiko-Hachchiko movement was started whose meaning is pluck and plant. It was a non-violent protest in which people plucked the eucalyptus trees and sowed sapling trees which were useful for the people.

Q. 6. How can the decisions in democracy be influenced ?

Ans. In democracy decisions of the government can be influenced by pressure groups or movements. One very simple way to influence decisions in democracy is by direct participation in politics. For this parties can be made, elections can be contested and after winning the elections governments can be formed.

Q. 7. How government can listen to demands of the people?

Ans. Government can listen to demands of the people in a number of ways and can listen to the point of views of people. People can form any group or organization and can undertake certain activities to promote their views so that the government could listen their demands and view points. These organizations can be called as interest groups or pressure groups. Many a time people start to work for their interests even without forming an organization.

Q. 8. What are pressure groups or interest groups ?

Ans. Pressure groups or interest groups are organized and unorganized groups which try to influence government policies and try to promote its interests. They have some of their aims and they try to achieve those aims by exerting pressure on the government. Generally the members of these groups are those people who have some common interests, goal, aims, etc. Those people who have common interests, occupations, goals etc. come together to achieve a common objective. They never try to contest the elections but always try to control the powers from the back door. Labour unions is very good example of interest groups.

Q. 9. What are sectional interest groups?

Ans. Sectional groups are those groups which try to promote interests of any specific section or group of society. These are known as sectional groups because they represent any particular section of the society like businessmen, workers, caste group, etc. The main principle of sectional interest groups is to do well being or betterment of their members, not the whole society in general. Trade unions, professional bodies, business associations like FICCI are some of its examples.

Q. 10. Write any two features of pressure groups.

Ans.

Formal organisation-Pressure groups are the groups of people who are formally organised to protect their common interest.
Universality-The pressure groups are found in all the countries.

Q. 11. Do you think Social Movements are good for democracy? If yes, how?

Ans. Yes, social movements are good for democracy because any marginalized group can raise its voice in democracy through social movements. It is not necessary that all the demands of all the weaker sections of the society are met by the government. Then the weaker sections will remain weaker. So to raise their voice, some enlightened people can start a movement so that government could listen to their demands and could take some steps to uplift them. In democracy every one should get equal opportunity to develop and social movements are very helpful in achieving this objective.

Q. 12. What is meant by Social Movement ?

Ans. A social movement is particular form of collective behaviour in which the motive to act comes largely from the attitudes and aspirations of members, typically acting within a loose organizational framework. Social movements embrace diverse interest groups and may even spawn political parties. Trade unions and socialist parties, for instance, can be seen as part of a broader labour movement.

Q. 13. How sectional interest groups can play an important role ?

Ans. Sectional interest groups can play an important role. In democracy different sectional groups are active and that’s why no one can assume that it is more powerful. If any group pressurises the government to fulfill its demands then other groups exert counter pressure not to make policies according to first group. Government hears demands of every group and tries to accommodate all the groups. In this way a balance is maintained between different demands of all the sectional groups.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q. 1. Explain the movement for Domocracy in Nepal.

Discuss the power struggle of Nepal.

Ans. In 2006 in Nepal an extraordinary popular movement was started. Actually Nepal was a monarch state whose king was King Birendra. In 1990 he gave his acceptance to constitutional Monarchy. Yet the King remained the formal head of the state but actual power was in the hands of the democratically elected people. In 2001 in a mysterious massacre, royal family of king Birendra was killed with other 5 members of his family. Then king Gyanendra took charge who did not like the idea of constitutional Monarchy. In Feb. 2005, he took advantage of the weak and unpopular government and dismissed the Prime Minister. Then he dissolved the Parliament as well and took charge of the country. But in April 2006 a popular movement was started in Nepal to restore democracy and to overthrow the king.

All major political parties of the country formed an alliance called Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and called for a four days strike. Later on it was changed into indefinite strike and then it was joined by Maoist insurgents. Security forces were unable to disperse the lakhs of people whose demand was to restore democracy in the country. Till 1st April the number of protesters had risen to 3-5 lakh and they gave an ultimatum to King. King half heartedly accepted those demands and gave some concessions. But leaders of the movement rejected those concessions. On 24 April 2004, King yielded to pressure and accepted all those demands. Parliament was restored which took away the powers of the King. In this way democracy was restored in Nepal. On Sept 20, 2015 New Constitution was implemented in Nepal.

Q. 2. What do you know about Bolivia’s popular struggle ?

Ans. Bolivia is a Latin American country which is very poor. Due to the pressure of World Bank, government gave up the control of municipalities over water and sold its rights to a Multi National Company (MNC) of the city of Cochabamba. Company very quickly increased the price of water by 4 times and started to collect bills for it. In a country like Bolivia, where average income of the people is around Rs. 5,000 per month, people were given the bills of Rs. 1,000 to pay. Due to this reason spontaneous popular protest was started in Bolivia.

People protested against those bills. In January 2000, many human rights organizations and other parties organized a 4 day general strike. Government agreed to negotiate and strike was called off but nothing happened. Police started brutal repression but agitation was again started in February. Government imposed martial law but the force of the people forced the MNC officials to leave the city. Then government conceeded to demands of people and the contract with MNC was cancelled. Supply of water was again given to municipalities. This is known as Bolivia’s Water War.

Q. 3. Which types of conclusions can be drawn from the popular struggles of Nepal and Bolivia ?

Ans. In Nepal people tried to restore democracy by overthrowing the authority of the King and they succeeded in it. In Bolivia people tried to defy the government’s rule of paying bills of water to an MNC and they also succeeded in it. Yet there were certain differences in both the popular movements but certain similarities were also there. We can draw many conclusions from both the movements which are given below :

Democracy can be restored with the help of people. It is possible that any important matter could be resolved with consensus but generally in democracy, there is always a conflict between those who have the power and those who want to gain the power. These types of movements come in a country when it is going through a phase of change and deepening of democracy.
Conflicts in democracy can be resolved through mobilisation of masses. Many a time conflicts in democracy can be resolved through existing institutions or groups like Parliament but if the conflict is deep enough then these institutions are also involved in it. Like it has happened in Nepal. Resolution of these conflicts should come from the people.
At the time of conflicts, many new political organizations come into being. People participate in those protests which are being held by these new political organizations. With the help of political organizations, public protests become more effective.

Q. 4. What are Movement groups ? Give its types.

Ans. Movement groups are those groups which try to influence politics instead of directly taking part in elections. It means that movement groups are those groups who try to draw attention of the government on one or another issue with the help of marches, protests, strikes, etc. They don’t have any organized organization like interest groups but their organization is very loose. They don’t have any system of taking formal decisions but their decisions making process is very informal and flexible. They generally depend upon the quick participation of the masses to influence the policies of the government. Generally most of the movements are related with any issue and they try to achieve their aim within a limited framework of time.

Types: These movement groups are of various types :

First type of movements are those which are related with single issue. These are not long term movements and when objective is achieved, these also come to an end.
Second type of movements are those which are not related with one issue but are related with more than one issue. These are generally long term movements and have a very loose organization. They want to achieve a broader goal with their movement.

Q. 5. How can we participate in any type of struggle in democracy ?

Ans. The meaning of democracy is government of the people, for the people and by the people. People are generally involved in the decision-making process because the decisions. of the country are being taken by elected representatives of the people. All the people give their votes in elections to elect their representatives and they make policies for the country. Many a time these policies are helpful for development of people but sometimes people disapprove those policies and start to oppose those policies. Many a time people come in direct conflict with government over the matters of these policies. Then people start to struggle against the government with the help of peaceful marches, protests, strikes, violent struggle, etc. Example of Nepal and Bolivia are in front of us where people joined the popular struggle. In democracy we can participate in any struggle in two ways:

Direct participation in election. If we want to join struggle movement then first method is to participate directly in struggle. You can make your political party, call for a mass mobilization, contest elections and win over the majority. With this you can directly affect and make the policies of the government.
Indirect participation through interest group. Another way to join struggle is indirect participation. You can make any organization of yours with clear objective. You can call for public help and wealth with which you can pressurise the government to amend its policies or to face struggle. They share political powers without having direct political powers in their hands.

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JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 5 Popular Struggles and Movements