JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 6 Post Independence Era : Jammu and Kashmir on the Path of Modernisation

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 6 Post Independence Era : Jammu and Kashmir on the Path of Modernisation

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 6 Post Independence Era : Jammu and Kashmir on the Path of Modernisation

Jammu & Kashmir State Board JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions

INTRODUCTION TO THE CHAPTER

• This chapter deals with the changes that occurred in Jammu and Kashmir after 1947 A.D. It tries to look into the development of governance, state building, planned economy, changes in agrarian, educational and health sectors and other development programmes started in Jammu and Kashmir.
• The first phase of development is from 1947 till 1965 A.D. Maharaja Hari Singh appointed Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah as the Head of Emergency aministration in 1947 and in 1948 as the Prime Minister of the state with a Council of Ministers.
• The priority of the government was to translate its objective of Naya Kashmir into a reality. That’s why a detailed plan for economic, political, social and cultural reconstruction of the region was made.
• Many laws were made in the state with which landlordism was abolished. Land was transferred to the tillers without giving any compensation to the actual land owners.
• Irrigation system was improved, cooperatives were made in taxkling debt issues, modern education was given priority, industrial setor was promoted.
• In 1953, Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad became the next Prime Minister of J & K. He wanted to make the state self sufficient and he made many plans for economic development. During his period, great stress was given on infrastructural development. He boosted the tourism, stressed on modern education, women education etc.
• The second phase of development started in 1965 and lasted till 1982. In 1963 Ghulam Mohammed Bakshi was made to resign and Sadiq became Prime Minister of J & K in 1964. He brought many changes in the Constitution of J & K.
• Sadiq focused on achieving self sufficiency in agricultural production, export oriented production and generation of internal resources. He gave special attention to horticulture, industries, education etc.
• The third phase come up after 5th August, 2019 when the parliament of India amended Article 370 and abrogated Article 35A under J & K reorganization Act, 2019. This act came into force on 31st October 2019 according to which J & K was reconstituted into two Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.

Answer the following questions :

1. Land reforms ended the privileges of landlords, secure the peasants and made them owners of the land.
2. Many laws were passed which guaranteed the fixity of tenure, landlordism was abolished, land was transferred to the tillers without paying any compensation to the actual land owners.
3. To tap water resources, the department of irrigation was established which helped in increase in the annual growth of food production.
4. Greater emphasis was put on cooperatives to look into debt issues, financing of crops, providing lands for cultivation on lease etc. But they were unable to contribute much to the revival of the state’s economy.
5. Modern education was given priority 35% of the annual budget was kept for the expansion of education. Agricultural education was made compulsory in village schools.
6. Industrial estates were established at both Jammu and Srinagar. Silk and Woolen factories were modernized. All these efforts generated employed opportunities in the state.

1. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad viewed economic development as an important tool for the welfare of the state. He wanted to make the state self-sufficient.
2. In order to go ahead with his economic modernization plan, he sought financial aid from the government of India.
3. Many developmental policies were started through which state entered the age of large scale modernization including agricultural reforms, industrial development, infrastructural growth and tourism.
4. Such measures modernize the state agricultural programs, modern irrigation techniques, application of fertilizers and high yielding crops were introduced.

1. His government guaranteed fundamental rights which led to the more participation of people in socio-economic development of the state.
2. His government ensured rule of law, respect for rights and liberties of the people.
3. To follow his policies, Sadiq removed the curbs on civil liberties, released political prisoners, disbonded special police organization which was a symbol of the instrument of repression.
4. New journals and newspapers were started representing public opinion and sharing different viewpoints.

1. All the important industries in the state were nationalised. Many steps were taken to promote handicrafts and handlooms.
2. Liberal state patronage was given to small scale industries and handicrafts including papermachie, Basohli paintings and Chikdi woodwork.
3. Schemes were started to provide employment and subsidised loans to the poor. An export promotion wing was also started to guide those who were engaged in export trade.
4. To provide enough power supply, Hydel power projects at Chenani, Upper Sind and Salal were completed and executed. A thermal power plant was also built at Kalakote

1. To boost the tourism and film industry in the region, Bakshi government started Kashmir Chalo Campaign.
2. Many other steps were taken such as advertisements through publicity wings, improvement in air services, abolition of permit system, construction of youth hostels etc.
3. In 1956, the government of J & K hosted the first ever festival of Jashn-i-Kashmir. With the establishment of Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, culture and Languages in 1958, all cultural activities came under its purview. It also developed ties with Sahitya Academi, New Delhi.

1. This Act extended the reservation for economically weaker sections in the educational institutions and government jobs.
2. S.C.’s and S.T.’s will get all the benefits of the governments welfare schemes as available in other parts of the country.
3. Now women are given equal rights at par with the males of property rights. They can buy property on their name and transfer it to their children.
4. Other Important Acts such as RTI (2005), RTE (2009), POCSO Act (2012), are also applicable in J & K.
5. Now 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments are applicable in J & K and Constitutional status is given to local self government in rural and urban areas. powers and funds
6. The Panchayati Raj Institutions and Municipalities are given all the as available to them in rest of the country.

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Sadiq changed the nomenclatures, from Prime Minister to Chief Minister and from Sadr-i-Riyasat to Governor.
2. During his tenure, Article 356 and 357 of the Indian Constitution were applied in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Fill in the blanks :

Match the Column :

Fill in the blanks

True or False

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Bakshi’s Government boosted tourism in J&K by starting the Kashmir Chalo Campaign.
2. Advertisements were made to publicise the State’s achievements in different spheres. Department of Information propagating the developmental ideas to multiple audiences.
3. Government promoted tourism by opening up publicity wings, improved air services, abolished permit system, constructed youth hostels and revitalized hotel arrangements.
4. Many travel guides were printed and distributed through schools, universities and media.
5. The Government also built a Tourist Reception Centre in early sixties.

1. Bakshi Government greatly contributed in the establishment of vast network of roads in J&K.
2. German engineers were called in who designed and constructed Banihal Tunnel. This tunnel helped in two way traffic and greater flow of trade between Kashmir and rest of the country.
3. City bus service was started to connect remote towns and villages.
4. Anti-flood measures were taken up and electrification of the villages was made.
5. Road connectivity increased trade, tourism and cultural interaction between J&K and other states.

1. It abolished landlordism and land was transferred to tillers without giving any compensation to the landlords.
2. Ceiling on Land holding was fixed on the holding of propreitor at 182 kanals (22.5 acres) and rest of the land was transferred to the tiller with ownership rights.

1. He kept 35% of the annual budget for spreading and development educational structure.
2. He asked for changes for the outdated syllabus and making agricultural education compulsory in village schools.
3. He standardized the education from top to bottom and job oriented courses were introduced.
4. Intermediate college for girls was established in Srinagar.
5. The University of Jammu and Kashmir was established in 1948.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. In 1948, the Government abolished Jagirs, Muafis and Mukararies. It also discontinued the abatement in land revenue to the Chakdars.
2. To tackle the problem of shortage of food grains, the Government bround cultivable waste land under cultivation and launched a scheme ‘Grow More Food.’
3. In 1948, A new Act ‘Tenancy Amendment Act, 1948 was made and guaranteed the fixity of tenure to the tenant. It also fixed the maximum rent paid by the tenant to the landlord.
4. The State enacted the ‘Distressed Debtors Relief Act, 1950’ to give relief to poverty stricken people from indebtedness. This step of government relieved the artisans, farmers and village labourers of the burden of their accumulated debts.
5. In 1950, ‘Big Landed Estates Abolition Act, 1950, was passed and Landlordism was abolished. Land was transferred to the tiller. It also fixed ceiling on land holding at 182 Kanals (22.5 acres).

1. Land reforms ended the privileges of landlords, secured the peasants and made them owners of the land.
2. Daniel Thorner, an Agrarian Historian, observed that land reforms removed fear from the peasants.
3. It increased the dynamism in the agricultural field and encouraged the peasants to make investment in land.
4. Economic freedom motivated farmers to educate their children and avail health and cultural facilities available to them.
5. These reforms reduced the taxation on peasants.
6. These reforms created support for Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah but antagonized the landlord class which launched a rigorous campaign against him.

1. The education from primary to University level was made free and salaries of the teachers were increased.
2. Many educational institutions for primary, middle and higher education were opened. Job oriented courses were added in the syllabus.
3. Poor students were provided with textbooks. Efforts were made to develop different languages such as Kashmiri, Dogri, Bhoti etc.
4. Government started providing scholarship to poor students.
5. Government gave stress on women education and consequently number of female students increased in schools and colleges.
6. At Srinagar, Engineering and Medical Colleges were opened up such as Government Medical College and National Institute of Technology.
7. In 1955, G.M. Sadiq the Education Minister drafted the Educational Policy and stress was given on progressive education to meet the economic goals of the state.
8. Mobile Schools were opened up for the Gujjars and Bakkerwals.

1. Jashan-i-Kashmir. The Jammu and Kashmir Government hosted first ever festival ‘Jashan-i-Kashmir’ in 1956 throughout the region. It aimed at highlighting different aspects of Kashmiri culture and served as a vehicle of contact between Kashmir and different parts of the country. It also showcased regional music, theatre, poetry and dance of Kashmir as well as of other states.
2. Cultural Front. Cultural Front was an organization which helped in the development of mixture of different cultures. Authors associated with the organisation travelled extensively holding dramas, programmes ans activities related to social change, status of women, HinduMuslim unity etc. In 1949, it was renamed as cultural congress and started publishing its literary journal Kwang Posh. Some of the important authors attached with the Front were Dina Nath Nadim, Dinoo Bhai Pant, Rehman Rai, Som Nath Zutshi, Amin Kamil and Prof. Ram Nath Shastri.

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