Miscellaneous Important

Ahichhatra: Originally Ahikshetra in Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh, it was once the capital of the Panchalas.

Aihole In Karnataka contains the chief sites of Chalukyan architecture-nearly 70 structural stone temples important in the development of Hindu architecture and sculpture.

Ajanta Caves 66 miles north of Aurangabad in Maharashtra State. These are rock-cut Buddhist caves, 29 in number. These caves represent a record of unique painting, sculpture and architecture of the period from about the 2nd century B.C. to 7th century A.D.

Amaravati: It is the legendary capital of Svarga. Also a historical site near modern Vijaywada, believed to flourished under the Satavahana dynasty. ave

Arikamedu: It was a sea-port near Pondicherry in Chola times.

Ayodhya: A few miles from modern Faizabad, near Lucknow, it was the capital of the Kosala and the Solar kings of ancient India. Rama was the most prominent among them.

Badami (or Vatapi): In Karnataka it is well-known for Chalukyan sculpture found in the cave temples here. These are groups of Hindu temples dating back to 7th or 8th century and are examples of pure Dravidian architecture. Besides cave temples and rock-cut pillared halls, there is also the famous Malegitti Shivalaya temple.

Belur: In Karnataka it is famous for its elaborately sculptured Cheena Kesava temple of the Hoysala period.

Bhubaneswar : In Orissa it is known for ancient temples viz., Rajarani; Lingraja; Brahmesvara.

Bodh Gaya: It is situated 6 miles south of Gaya in Bihar State on the western bank of Falgu river and connected by two metalled roads. It is famous as the place where Buddha got enlightenment. There are modern monasteries, rest houses and a museum here.

Chidambaram: A town 150 miles south of Chennai known as Tillai in ancient times, it was once the capital of the Chola kingdom. Its temples are among the oldest in India and are gems of Dravidian architecture. It is famous as the abode of Natraja, the Dancing Shiva.

Daulatabad: Situated near Aurangabad in Maharashtra State it is famous for rock-cut fortress of 12th century near the tomb of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.

Elephanta Caves: On the island of the same name about 6 miles from Mumbai harbour these are rock-cut caves of the 7th and 8th centuries. The name Elephanta is due to the Portuguese, who were apparently struck by the stone elephants which were once found in their landing place.

Ellora Caves: About 15 miles north-west of Aurangabad in Maharashtra State these are about 34 caves excavated in the face of a hill.

Fatehpur Sikri: 23 miles from Agra in Uttar Pradesh it was the city founded by Akbar in 1571 but abandoned soon after. The place contains a number of palaces, shrines, The most notable among them is Buland Darwaza, 176 feet high and built to commemorate the conquest of Gujarat.

Halebid: In Karnataka, 10 miles from Belur it is wellknown for its elaborately sculptured temples of the Hoysala period. The monuments rank among the masterpieces of Hindu art.

Hampi: In Karnataka, 9 miles from Hospet railway station it is the ruined capital of the Vijayanagar Empire.

Harappa In Montgomery district of Punjab, now in West Pakistan it is known for excavations carried out here showing signs of Indus Valley Civilization.

Junagadh: In Gujarat State it is one of the most ancient cities of India. It is situated below the Girnar Hill. The temples on the Hill are known for their architecture and paintings.

Kalibangan In Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan where excavations brought to light the varied achievements of Indus Valley Civilisation-town planning and use of burnt bricks.

Kannauj: Capital of Harshavardhana.

Kanchipuram: Or the “Golden City”, 45 miles southwest of Chennai it is known for Kailashnath temple. It was the capital of successive dynasties of Hindu rulers.

Kanheri: 20 miles from Mumbai it is known for its Buddhist caves dating back to the 1st century A.D.

Kanyakubja: Or modern Kannauj is an ancient city. It was the cultural centre of northern India from the seventh century to the time when the Muslims came.

Kapilvastu: A small ancient kingdom in the north of India; associated with Mahatma Buddha.

Khajuraho: In Chhattarpur in Madhya Pradesh it is famous for its group of highly ornate medieval Hindu temples.

Kusinagar: In the district of Deoria (U.P.) it is the place where Buddha died.

Lothal Ancient town, situated on the sea-plain of former Saurashtra, 450 miles south-east of Mohenjodaro. The excavation made here represents the Indus Valley Civilization.

Madurai Popularly known as the “City of Festivals”, it was till the 14th century the capital of the Pandyan kingdom which had sea-borne trade with Rome and Greece. It is famous for Minakshi Temple.

Mammalapuram (now Mahabalipuram) Situated 53 miles from Chennai, it is known for rock-cut temples, monolithic figures and carvings of the 7th and 8th centuries A.D. The chief points of interest here are the Five Rathas or temples modelled as chariots-“Arjuna Ratha”, “Draupadi Ratha”, “Dharamraja Ratha” etc. also famous for Shore Temple.

Mandu: In Madhya Pradesh, it is one of the largest medieval city sites. It has extensive remains-fortifications and palaces-a synthesis of Hindu and Muslim styles in architecture and painting; Jama Masjid (of Mandu).

Mithila : It was the home of the three scholar sagesGargi, Maitreya and Kapila. It was the capital town of Raja Janak’s kingdom.

Mohenjodaro: In the Larkana district of Sindh (now Pakistan) it is the site of excavation revealing Indus Valley Civilization.

Nalanda: In Bihar it was the seat of an ancient Buddhist University. It contains a group of Buddhist temples and monasteries.

Palitana: In Saurashtra it is famous for its holly hill Shatrunjaya. it is the most sacred place for Shvetambara Jains.

Pandharpur: It is in Sholapur district (Maharashtra State). It stands on Bhima river and is one of the most sacred places of pilgrimage in the State.

Prabhaspatan (or Somnath): In Gujarat State it is the site of the famous Somnath temple which was destroyed by Mahmud Ghazni.

Pragjyotishpur: The capital of an ancient tribal kingdom in Kamarupa or modern Assam.

Rajgir: 8 miles south-west of Nalanda by road it is an important place of pilgrimage for Buddhists. It was the capital of Bimbisara in ancient times. Buddha preached at Rajgir and so did Mahavira, the great preceptor of the Jains.

Sanchi: In Madhya Pradesh it is famous for the largest and the most well-preserved Buddhist Stupa (108-foot in diameter and 42-foot in height).

Sarnath: Near Varanasi it is the place where Buddha delivered his first sermon after he became the “Enlightened One”. The place is known for Buddhist temples and remains.

Seringapatam: In Karnataka it was the ancient capital of Tipu Sultan. (Now known as Seringapatnam.)

Somnathpuram: In Karnataka it is known for temples of Hoysala period, Kesava Temple.

Sravanbelgola: In Karnataka it is famous for its Jain temples and the colossal statue of Gomateswara (Babubali) 65-foot high erected in A.D. 983, the tallest monolithic statue in the world.

Srirangam: An island on the Cauvery river two miles north of Tiruchirapalli. It contains one of the largest temples in south India of the Vijayanagar period.

Sringeri: In Karnataka it is a place of pilgrimage on the banks of Tung river where the great philosopher Sankara founded one of the principal maths (monasteries).

Tamralipti: A flourishing sea port in ancient India.

Tanjore: It was the capital of Cholas. It is situated in the delta of the Cauvery river in Tamil Nadu. Also known for Brihadeeswara temple.

Taxila Ancient capital of Gandhara and one of the most renowned cities of ancient north-west India.

Tirupati In Andhra Pradesh state, situated about 100 miles to the north-west of Chennai it is one of the holiest places in South India. This hill temple of Sri Venkateswara is an example of early Dravidian architecture and is one of the finest in the south.

Ujjain Known to be the seat of king Vikrama it is situated on the bank of Sipra river in Madhya Pradesh. . It is one of the seven sacred cities also known as Avanti. The Oriental Museum here has some valuable manuscripts and pieces of sculpture. Mahakaleshwar Temple here is known as a pilgrimage centre.

Vaishali: In the district of Vaishali in Bihar it was the capital of the famous Vajji kingdom in ancient times. Vatapi: See Badami.

Vikramasila: A great Tantrik University established by the Pala King Dharampala in A.D. 810. It was a hotbed of moral corruption, sorcery and idolatry. In AD 1198, the soldiers of Ikhtiar Khilji destroyed the structure to the ground and killed all the monks in the university.

Megasthenes (302-298 BC): An ambassador of Selecus Nikator, who visited the court of Chandragupta Maurya. He wrote an interesting book ‘Indica’ inwhich he gave a vivid account of Chandragupta Maurya’s reign.

Fa-Hien (405-411 AD): He came to India during the reign of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya. The object of his visit was to see the holy places of Buddhism and to collect Buddhist books and relics. He was the first Chinese pilgrim to visit India.

Hiuen-Tsang (630-645 AD): He visited India during the reign of Harshavardhana.

I-tsing (671-695 AD): A Chinese traveller, he visited India in connection with Buddhism. His work Biographies of Eminent Monks, provides us useful information about the social, religious and cultural life of the people of this country.

Al-Masudi (957 AD) An Arab traveller, he has given an extensive account of India in his work ‘Muruj-ul-Zahab’.

Al-beruni (1024-1030 AD): His real name was Abu Rehan Mahamud and he came to India along with Mahmud of Ghazni during one of his Indian raids. He travelled all over India and wrote a book’ Tahqiq-i-Hind’. The book deals with the social, religious and political conditions in India.

Marco Polo (1292-1294 AD): A Venetian traveller, he visited South India in 1294 A.D. (during the reign of Pandyan ruler of Madurai, Madverman Kulshekhara: 1272-1311). His work ‘The Book of Sir Marco Polo’ gives an invaluable account of the economic history of India.

Ibn Batuta (1333-1347 AD): A Moroccan traveller, he visited India during the reign of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. His book ‘Rehla’ (the Travelogue) throws a lot of light on the reign of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq and the geographical, economic and social conditions in India.

Shihabuddin al-Umari (1348 AD): He came from Damascus. He gives a vivid account of India in his book, ‘Masalik albsar fi-mamalik al-amsar.

Nicolo Conti (1420-1421 AD): A Venetian traveller, he gives a comprehensive account of the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar.

Abdur Razzaq (1443-1444 AD): He was a Persian traveller, who came to India and stayed at the court of the Zamorin at Calicut. He has given a vivid account of the Vijayanagar empire, especially of the city. He describes the wealth and luxurious life of the king and the nobles.

Athanasius Nikitin (1470-1474 AD): He was a Russian merchant, who visited South India in 1470. He describes the condition of the Bahmani kingdom under Muhammad III (1463-82).

Duarte Barbosa (1500-1516 AD): He was a Portuguese traveller. He has given a valuable narrative of the government and the people of the Vijayanagar empire.

Dominigo Paes (1520-1522 AD): He was Portuguese traveller, who visited the court of Krishnadeva Raya of the Vijayanagar Empire.

Fernao Nuniz (1535-1537 AD): A Portuguese merchant, who visited the Vijayanagar empire. He wrote the history of the empire from its earliest times to the closing years of Achyutdeva Raya’s reign.

John Hughen Von Linschotten (1583 AD): He was a Dutch traveller, who has given a valuable account of the social and economic life of South India.

William Hawkins (1608-1611 AD): He was an English ambassador of the British King James I to the court of Jahangir (1609). He resided at Agra for two years (160911), and received numerous favours from the emperor who called him ‘Inglish Khan’.

Sir Thomas Roe (1615-1619 AD): He was an ambassador of James I, King of England, at the court of Jahangir, the Mughal emperor.

Franciso Palsaert (1620-1627 AD): He was a Dutch traveller, who stayed at Agra and gave a vivid account of the flourishing trade at Surat, Ahmedabad, Broach, Cambay, Lahore, Multan etc.

Peter Mundy (1630-34 AD): He was an Italian traveller to the Mughal empire during the reign of Shahjahan. He gives valuable information about the living standard of the common people in the Mughal Empire.

John Albert de Mandesto (1638 AD): He was German traveller, who reached Surat in 1638.

Jeen Baptiste Tavernier (1638-1663 AD): He was a French traveller and gem marchant, who visited India six times. His account covers the reign of Shahjahan and Aurangzeb.

Nicolao Manucci (1653-1708 AD): He was an Italian traveller, who got service at the court of Dara Shikoh.

Francois Bernier (1656-1717 AD): He was a French physician and philosopher. Danishamand Khan, a noble of Aurangzeb, was his patron.

Jean de Thevenot (1666 AD): He was a French traveller, who has given a good account of cities like Ahmedabad, Cambay, Aurangabad and Golconda.

John Fryer (1672-1681 AD): He was an English traveller, who has given a vivid account of Surat and Bombay.

Gemelli Careri (1695 AD): He was an Italian traveller wholanded at Daman. His remarks on the Mughal emperor’s military organisation and administration are important.

Robert Clive: Governor of Bengal during 1757-60 and again during 1765-67, Established Dual Government in Bengal from 1765-72.

Vanisttart (1760-65): The Battle of Buxar (1764).

Cartier (1769-72): Bengal Famine (1770).

Warren Hastings (1772-74) : Abolished Dual Government (1772).

> Governor-Generals of Bengal (1774-1833)

Warren Hastings (1774-85): Became Governor-General in 1774 through the Regulating Act, 1773; Wrote introduction to the first English translation of the ‘Gita’ by Charles Wilkins; Founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal with William Jones in 1784.

Revenue Reforms: Auctioned the right to collect land revenue to the highest bidder; Divided Bengal into districts and appointed collectors and other revenue officials.

Judicial Reforms: Started Diwani and Faujdari adalats at the district level and Sadar diwani and Nizamat adalats (appellate courts) at Calcutta; Redefined Hindu and Muslim laws; A translation of the code in Sanskrit appeared in 1776 under the title of “Code of Gentoo laws”.

Wars: Rohilla War (1774); 1st Anglo-Maratha War (177682); 2nd Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84).

Lord Cornwallis (1786-93): First person to codify laws in 1793. The code separated the revenue administration from the administration of justice; Created the post of district judge; Introduced Permanent Settlement in Bengal (1793); Cornwallis is called ‘the Father of Civil Service in India’.

Wars: 3rd Anglo-Mysore War (defeat of Tipu and the Treaty of Seringapatanam, 1792)

Sir John Shore (1793-98): Introduced the 1st Charter Act (1793).

Wars Battle of Kharda between Nizam and the Marathas (1795)

Lord Wellesley (1798-1805): Started Subsidiary Alliance system to achieve British paramountcy in India, Nizam Ali (Nizam of Hyderabad) was the first Indian native ruler to accept the system of Subsidiary Alliance (1798); Madras Presidency was formed during his tenure.

Wars 4th Anglo-Mysore War (1799)-defeat and the death of Tipu Sultan; 2nd Anglo -Maratha War (1803-05)defeat of the Scindia, the Bhonsle and the Holkar; Treaty of Bassein (1802).

George Barlow (1805-1807): Vellore Mutiny (1806)

Lord Minto I (1807-1813): Concluded Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh (1809); Charter Act of 1813 was passed.

Lord Hastings (1813-1823) Adopted the policy of intervention and war.

Wars Anglo-Nepalese War (1813-23); 3rd AngloMaratha War (1817-18). Hastings forced humiliating treaties on Peshwa and the Scindia; Introduced the Ryotwari settlement in Madras by Thomas Munro, the Governor.

Lord Amherst (1823-28) Wars: 1st Burmese War (1824-26); Acquisition of territories in Malay Penisula; Capture of Bharatpur (1826).

Lord W. Bentick (1828-33): Most liberal and enlightened Governor-General of India; Regarded as ‘the Father of Modern Western Education in India’; Abolished Sati and other cruel rites (1829); Annexation of Mysore (1831). Concluded a treaty of perpetual friendship with Ranjit Singh (1831); Passed the Charter Act of 1833, which provided that no Indian subject of Company was to be debarred from holding an office on account of his religion, place of birth, descent and colour.

> Governor Generals of India (1833-58)

Lord W. Bentick (1833-35): Macaulay’s minutes on wain education were accepted declaring that English should be the official language of India, Macaulay’s Minute of 1835 introduced English education in India with the declared object of producing ‘a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes’; Abolished provincial courts of appeal and circuit set up by Cornwallis, Appointment of commissioners of revenue and circuit.

Wars: Annexed Coorg (1834), Central Cachar (1834) on the plea of misgovernance.

Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-1836) Passed the famous Press Law, which liberated the press in India.

Lord Auckland (1836-42) 1st Anglo-Afghan War (1836-42)—great blow to the prestige of the British in India.

Lord Ellenborough (1842-44) Brought an end to the Afghan War; Annexation of Sindh (1843); War with Gwalior (1843); Abolished slavery (1843).

Lord Hardings I (1844-48): 1st Anglo-Sikh war (184546) and the Treaty of Lahore, 1846 (marked the end of Sikh sovereignty in India); Gave preference to English educated in employment.

Lord Dalhousie (1848-56) Original Name-James Andrew Broun Ramsay, Abolished titles and pensions, Introduction of Widow Remarriage Bill (Nov. 17,1855).

Wars: Introduced Doctrine of Lapse (Captured Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambhalpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854); Fought 2nd Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49) and annexed the whole of the Punjab; 2nd Anglo-Burmese War (1852) and annexation of Lower Burma or Pegu; Annexation of Berar in 1853; Annexation of Avadh in 1856 on charges of maladministration.

Administrative Reforms: Introduced the system of centralized control in the newly acquired territories known as Non-Regulation System; Raised Gurkha regiments.

Educational Reforms : Recommended the Thomsonian System of Vernacular education for the whole of the Northwestern Provinces (1853); Wood’s Educational Despatch of 1854 and opening of Anglo-Vernacular Schools and Government Colleges; An Engineering College was established at Roorkee.

Public Works Started the first railway line in 1853 (connecting Bombay with Thana); Started electric telegraph service. Laid the basis of the modern postal system (1854); A separate public works department was set up for the first time; Started work on the Grand Trunk Road and developed the harbours of Karachi, Bombay and Calcutta. :

Lord Canning (1856-58): The last Governor General of India; Passed Widow Remarriage Act (July 25, 1856); Revolt of 1857; Passed the Act of 1858, which ended the rule of the East India Company. Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse.

Lord Canning (1858-62): The Indian Councils Act of 1861 was passed, which proved to be a landmark in the constitutional history of India; The Indian Penal Code of Criminal Procedure (1859) was passed; The Indian High Court Act (1861) was enacted; Income Tax was introduced for the first time in 1858; The universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras founded in 1857; The Indigo riots in Bengal (1860).

Lord Elgin I (1862-63): Wahabi Movement (Pan-Islamic Movement)

Sir John Lawrence (1864-69) Telegraphic communication was opened with Europe; High Courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1865; Expanded canal works and railways; Bhutan War (1865); Advocated State-managed railways; Created the Indian Forests Department and reorganized the native judicial service.

Lord Mayo (1869-72) : Introduced financial decentralization in India, Established Mayo College at Ajmer for the princes; Organised the Statistical Survey of India, Established the Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Introduction of State Railways. He was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a convict in Andamans in 1872.

Lord Northbrook (1872-76) :Kuka Movement of Punjab took rebellious turn during his period.

Lord Lytton (1876-80) Most infamous GovernorGeneral, Pursued free trade and abolished duties on 29 British manufactured goods which accelerated the drain of wealth of the India, Arranged the Grand Durbar in Delhi (in 1877) when the country was suffering from a severe famine; Passed the Royal Title Act (1876) and Queen Victoria was declared as the Kaisar-i-Hind i.e. Empress of India; Arms Act (1878) made mandatory for Indians to acquire license for arms; Passed the infamous Vernacular Press Act (1878); Proposed the plan of Statutory Civil Service in 1878-79 and lowered the maximum age limit from 21 to 19 years, the 2nd Afghan war (1878-80) proved a Sucess for British and the treaty of Gandmak (1879) converted Afghanistan into an almost protected state of India.

Lord Ripon (1880-84) : Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act, 1882; The First Factory Act, 1881 to improve labour condition, Resolution of Local Self Government in 1882, Resolution on Land Revenue Policy; -Appointed Hunter Commission (for education reforms) in 1882; The Ilbert Bill controversy erupted during his time (1883)..

Lord Dufferin (1884-88) :3rd Burmese War (Annexation of Upper and Lower Burma in 1885, Establishment of Indian National Congress in 1885.

Lord Lansdowne (1888-94): The Factory Act of 1891; Categorization of Civil Services into imperial, provincial and subordinate; Indian Council Act of 1892 (introduced elections which was indirect); Appointment of the Durand Commission to define the line between British India and Afghanistan (1893).

Lord Elgin II (1894-99): The Munda Uprising (Birsa Munda) of 1899, Convention delimiting the frontier between China and India was ratified, Great famine of 1896-97, Lyall Commission appointed after famine (1897), Assassination of two British officials-Rand and Amherst-by Chapekar Brothers in 1897.

Lord Curzon (1899-1905) Appointed a Police Commission in 1902 under Andrew Frazer; Set up the Universities Commission and accordingly the Indian Universities Act of 1904 was passed; Set up the Department of Commerce and Industry; Calcutta Corporation Act (1899); Passed the Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act (in 1899) and put India on a gold standard; Partition of Bengal took place in 1905 (It was cardinal blunder of Curzon); The idea to build Victoria Memorial (Calcutta) was conceived by Lord Curzon. The foundation stone of the memorial was laid in 1906 and it was opened for public in 1921.

Lord Minto II (1905-10):Swadeshi Movement (1905-08); Foundation of the Muslim League, 1906; Surat session and split in the Congress (1907), Newspapers Act, 1908; MorleyMinto Reforms, 1909.

Lord Hardinge (1910-16): Annulment of the Partition of Bengal (1911), Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi (1911); Delhi Darbar and Coronation of King George V and Queen Mary (1911); Establishment of Hindu Mahasabha by Madan Mohan Malviya (1915).

Lord Chelmsford (1916-21): Home Rule Movement launched by Tilak and Annie Besant (1916); Lucknow Pact between Congress and Muslim League (1916); Arrival of Gandhi in India (1915); Champaran Satyagraha (1917); Montague’s August Declaration (1917); Kheda Satyagraha and Satyagraha at Ahmedabad (1918); Government of India Act (1919), Repressive Rowlatt Act (1919); Jalianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919), Appointment of Hunter Commission to probe Jalianwala Bagh Massacre (Oct. 19, 1919), Khilafat Movement (1920-22); Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22).

Lord Reading (1921-26): Criminal Law Amendment Act and abolition of cotton excise; Repeal of Press Act of 1910 and Rowlatt Act of 1919; Violent Moplah rebellion in Kerala (1921); Foundation of CPI (1921); Chauri Chaura incident (1922); Foundation of Swaraj Party (1923); Kakori Train Dacoity (1925); Foundation of RSS (1925); Murder of Swami Shradhanand (1926).

Lord Irwin (1926-31):Simon Commission announced in 1927; Butler Commission (1927); Nehru Report (1928); 14 points of Jinnah (1929); Lahore session of Congress and ‘Poorna Swaraj’ declaration (1929); Civil Disobedience Movement (1930); Dandi March (1930); Ist Round Table Conference (1930); Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931).

Lord Willingdon (1931-36):IInd Round Table Conference (1931); Civil Disobedience Movement (1932); Announcement of MacDonald’s Communal Award (1932); IIIrd Round Table Conference; Foundation of Congress Socialist Party -CSP (1934); Government of India Act (1935); Burma separated from India (1935), All India Kisan Sabha (1936).

Lord Linlithgow (1936-43) General Election (193637); Congress ministries formed in 1937 and Resignation of Congress ministries in 1939; ‘Deliverance Day’ celebrated by Muslim League in 1939; Foundation of forward Block by S.C. Bose (1939); Lahore Resolution (1940); August Offer (1940); Cripps Mission (1942); Quit India Movement (1942).

Lord Wavell (1943-1947): C. R. Formula 1944; Wavell Plan and Simla Conference in 1945; End of IInd World War in 1945; INA Trials in 1945; Naval mutiny in 1946; Cabinet Mission, 1946 and acceptance of its proposals by Congress; Direct Action Day by the Muslim League on 16th August, 1946.

Lord Mountbatten (Mar-Aug 1947) : Announced the 3 June, 1947 Plan; Introduction of Indian Independence Bill in the House of Commons; Appointment of 2 boundary commissions under Sir Cyril Radcliffe.

Lord Mountbatten (1947-48): The first Governor General of free India; Kashmir acceded to India (Oct., 1947); Murder of Gandhi (Jan. 30, 1948).

C. Rajagopalachari (June 1948 – Jan. 25, 1950) : The last Governor General of free India; The only Indian GovernorGeneral.

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