WBBSE 9th Class English Solutions Chapter – 8 Summary Writing

The summary of a passage involves extracting the main idea out of the detailed description.

1. Read the passage thoroughly and minutely for several times until you understand the meaning clearly.
2. Follow that, based on some basic points, with the help of some illustrations the topic is presented.
3. Note those basic or main points.
4. Leaving the passage, write down briefly the main points in your own language.
5. Try to express the idea in brief form.

Man alone changes the shape of his world. He moves things about, he alters them in constant effort to create an environment more hospitable than that which nature has thrust him into. Technology is the sum total of all the different techniques by which man changes his environment. Technology is the characteristic of all human societies and it exists even among less developed tribes and communities. Even the Eskimo uses a number of techniques to make life more comfortable for him. He makes clothes; he builds an igloo and a boat; he uses needles and knives; he gets food by means of fishing lines and harpoons. All these are the techniques for changing his wild habitat into an environment that suits him better.

Man has got a God-gifted world. But with the help of technology, man has brought remarkable improvements. Man has made the world more suitable for living with things like, food, shelter and clothing. Technology exists even among the less developed tribes.

Indian civilization has been like a big tree which though very old, has still green leaves, bears fruits and gives shelter to many people. Historians tell us that many influences have gone to the making of this civilization. The people who lived at Mohenjo Daro contributed something to it. Then came the Aryans who perfected it after the Dravidians had made their own contribution. The Persians, the Greeks, the Mughals added something to it. The English brought with them their own culture, the traces of which we find everywhere in India today. Many influences in this way from within and without, have had an effect upon Indian civilisation, but it has always retained and will retain certain fundamental characteristics. One such characteristic is the spirit of tolerance. India has accepted all and has assimilated all good things. Enmity is alien to Indian civilisation and culture.

Indian civilization is ages old yet it is not outdated. It is everrenewing itself with various influences like Persian, Greek, Mughal, English, etc. Indian civilization has always been benefited by these influences. Our culture also retains its original qualities of tolerance and friendship.

Trees give shade for the benefit of others, and while they themselves stand in the sun and endure the scorching heat, they produce the fruit of which others profit. The character of good men is like that of trees. What is the use of this perishable body if no use is made of it for the benefit of mankind?

Sandalwood, the more it is rubbed, the more scent does it yield. Sugarcane, the more it is peeled and cut up into pieces, the more juice does it produce. The men who are noble at heart do not lose their qualities even in losing their lives. What matters whether men praise them or not? What difference does it make whether they die at this moment or. whether lives are prolonged? Happen what may, those who tread in the right path will not set foot in any other. Life itself is unprofitable to a man who does not live for others. To live for the mere sake of living one’s life is to live the life of dogs and crows. Those who lay down their lives for the sake of others will assuredly dwell forever in a world of bliss.

Man is better than others because of his thinking power. Thinking power or intellect helps us think about others. Selfish human life is no better than the life of animals. So the motto of life should be to sacrifice it for others. If one demands honour or fame in exchange of sacrifice, it is never considered as sacrifice. Nature teaches us that selfless sacrifice. If one does this, then one is really great.

It is almost impossible to escape from advertisements. Hoardings stare down at us from the sides of the roads; crude neon signs wink above shops; jingles and slogans assault our ears. All these are the twentieth century developments which have grown side by side with the spread of education and technical advances in radio and TV.

Advertising assaults not only our eyes and ears but also our pockets. Its critics point out that in this country 1.6 per cent of the national income is spent on advertising and this advertising actually raises the cost of products. When a housewife buys a product, she has to pay an advertiser or such others, even if she has not bothered to ask the shopkeeper for a particular brand. If she buys a named brand of aspirin, up to 29 per cent of what she pays may represent the cost of advertising the name.

These amounts seem a great deal to pay the questionable benefits of advertising, but there are a few things to be said in its favour. Though some things cost more because of advertising, some things cost less. Newspapers, magazines, commercial radio and televisionall carry advertisements. The money they receive from the advertisers helps them lower the cost of production. In this way we get information and entertainment at lower prices than would otherwise have to be charged. Therefore, what we lose on the swings we gain on the round-abouts. Apart from this very important consideration, advertising to some extent ensures that a product will maintain its quality. It also gives rise to competition among manufacturers, which gives the customers a wider choice. Competition may even succeed, in some cases, in reversing the influence of advertising and causing a reduction in price.

In the twentieth century almost everything of our use comes under commercial advertisement. Advertisement has become a very vital part of any kind of business. So, normally common customers have to bear the extra cost of advertisement. Again, sometimes advertisement has its good effects on the customers. For some items like newspaper, television, etc. advertisements make them cheaper. Competition in advertisement also sometimes benefits the customers both in price and quality.

When we survey our lives and efforts, we soon observe that almost the whole of our actions and desires is bound up with the existence of other human beings. We notice that whole nature resembles that of the social animals. We eat food that others have produced, wear clothes that others have made, live in houses that others have built. The greater part of our knowledge and beliefs has been passed on to us by other people through the medium of a language which others have created. Without language and mental capacities, we would have been poor indeed comparable to higher animals.

We have, therefore, to admit that we owe our principal knowledge over the least to the fact of living in human society. The individual, if left alone from birth, would remain primitive and beast-like in his thoughts and feelings to a degree that we can hardly imagine. The individual is what he is and has the significance that he has, not much in virtue of the individuality, but rather as a member of a great human community, which directs his material and spiritual existence from the cradle to grave.

Every human being must have his/her individuality. It is both physical and mental. This is true. But much greater truth is that an individual is an individual when he/she is a part of a community or society. For both physical and mental food and shelter everyone of us must depend on others. So human society is much more important than individual existence as the latter depends on the former.

Persistent efforts are being made by nations to bring about a new social system in which all men will be provided at least with the bare necessities of life, so that in a century or so there should be no poor man in the world. Old prejudices and customs, no doubt, take time to disappear but it is recognized by every civilized government today that every citizen has a right to be comfortable. It is estimated that in the eighteenth century eight percent of the people of England had been poor: that is to say they had no means of livelihood; could not afford two meals a day, or clothe themselves properly. Today the number of such people is very small and even the number is looked after by the state. Even in India, poverty is on the decrease and its worst form, which resulted from famine, has been rooted out. There are canals to guard uncertain rainfall. The means of transport have been developed to carry food stuffs from one area to another when the crops fail.

The primary aim of civilization is to establish democracy. That means though not all will be equal in status, but at least everyone will get their primary needs of food, shelter and clothing fulfilled. In today’s world we are rapidly achieving that goal. Question of poverty in any country is rapidly becoming less and less.

The average school boy will admit that his school would never function successfully without rules, and most boys prefer rules to be laid down with precision, for the more exact the definition, the better the boy understands his place in the school and the duties and obligations which he has to observe. Rules also help him understand the meaning of cooperation, and even in schools which cater for the individual ego there is some latitude allowed to the children. They are not, for instance, permitted to murder their masters, or to set fire to the school buildings. As a rule, the guiding principle of such schools is that the child is entitled to freedom so long as he does not abuse that freedom by injuring others. But it is doubtful if a narrow interpretation and the absence of discipline help the child understand the importance of cooperation.

Rules and regulations for children in school are there. When all the boys and girls abide by the same guideline, sense of cooperation will grow. Again rules should not be too severe. That will restrict a student’s growth, both physical and mental. Students should be allowed freedom so far it can create no trouble to others. So balanced rules are needed for the students.

Teaching is the noblest profession. A teacher has a sacred duty to perform. It is he on whom rests the responsibility of moulding the character of young children. Apart from developing their intellect, he can inculcate in them qualities of good citizenship, remaining neat and clean, talking decently and sitting properly. These virtues are not easy to be imbibed. Only he who himself leads a life of simplicity, purity and rigid discipline can successfully cultivate these habits in his pupils. Besides, a teacher always remains young. He may grow old in age, but not in spirit. Perpetual contact with budding youths keeps him happy and cheerful. There are moments when domestic worries weigh heavily on his mind, but the delightful company of innocent children makes him overcome his transient moods of despair.

No doubt, teaching is the noblest profession. It’s a job of extreme responsibility to build up the students physically and mentally for future. So teachers should be the model in every respect for the students. Again, teacher’s benefit is no less. He/she remains ever-young in young boys and girls associations, in spite of the worries of the world.

Adversity has great use. It gives us a chance to try our friends and foes and tells us who is who. False friendships based on motives of temporary benefits and comprising casual flatterers are all exposed, whereas true friends, even though they may be previously in the background, come to the forefront and prove their worth. Adversity is a great human teacher. It inspires understanding of the problems of the poorer and the underdog. It teaches us to feel for others and be grieved at a suffering, for, unless a person has gone to adversity himself he cannot know the real feelings of an adversary. Human life is a mixture of joys and sorrows. It has its comedies and tragedies. After bright days, the dark days may come. For the strong man, darkness vanishes quickly and happiness returns since he has lived in the dark days gloriously and bravely.

Though we love peaceful, calm and quiet flow of life, adversity is needed in human life. Adversity is a great teacher. Life tastes sweeter with a touch of bitterness in it. Without adversity we cannot differentiate between friends and foes, we cannot value prosperity if we never fall in poverty. Life is a blend of weal and woe. To get back good days, one has to withstand bad days bravely.

It is much better to give hope and strength and courage than money. The best help is, not to bear the troubles of others for them, but to inspire them with courage and energy to bear their own burdens for themselves and meet the difficulties of life bravely. So we must be careful not to destroy independence in our anxiety to relieve their distress. There is always the danger lest whatever is done for men should make them more dependent instead of more independent. It is important, therefore, not so much to give a man bread, as to put him in the way of earning it for himself, not to give direct aid, but to help others to help themselves.

Helping others is a great sign of humanity. But it should be positive. Help should aim at bringing independence to the helped. So it is much better to show the path, inspire to perform than to render material help. Because, direct help, in most of the cases, makes the helped one mentally handicapped. Then he will never be confident enough to gain independence by giving labour. So inspiration and motivation is much more helpful than direct help.

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