JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 3 Democracy and Diversity

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Jammu & Kashmir State Board JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions

INTRODUCTION TO THE CHAPTER

In democracy people identifies and relates themselves with others on many bases like physical appearance, gender, caste, class, tribe, religion, etc.
Society is divided on many bases like inequality, caste, class, religion, weatlh, etc. So there is social division of our society and this division has many forms.
Many people have tried to express their views about inequality like in 1968 two olympic medal winners in prize distribution ceremony they received their medals. by wearing black socks and no shoes. It shows that how inequality prevails in our society.
It is generally felt that people of same religion do not relate themselves to people of other religion because their sect or caste is different from other one.
Social differences are starting even exactly after birth and there are a number of bases of inequality, biological and social, like age, colour, gender, wealth, caste, religion, etc.
Difference between blacks and whites in U.S. is generally believed that blacks are poor and homeless and whites are rich.
In India, Dalits are facing a number of discriminations and injustice which is a perfect example of social division.

IMPORTANT TERMS

African American. Black descendants of Africa who went over to U.S.A. in the I form of slaves between 17th and 19th century.
Civil Rights Movement. A movement started by Martin Luther King Jr. to abolish legal racial discrimination in U.S.A. against the black people.
Black Power. A more militant and anti-racist movement which was started in 1966 | to end racism in U.S. with the help of even violence.
Migrant. Persons who move from one place to another to live or to work or for any other economic opportunity.
Homogeneous Society. A society whose people are of same kind and where there is no value of ethnic differences.

J&K class 10th Social Science Democracy and Diversity Textbook Questions and Answers

Q. 1. Discuss three factors that determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions.

Ans. In any democratic country political parties try to gain more and more votes to win over elections. They try to impress more and more voters so that they could be given more votes. They do so by doing a number of promises to the people.

But it doesn’t mean that this type of politics of winning over the voters can lead to social division and conflict in the society. Actually, three factors are important in deciding outcome of politics of soical division and these three factors are :

Point of View of People. In democracy people’s point of view is very important in looking at the social differences. If they look at these differences in context of each other, they tell us that all the social groups belong to different communities and this point of view is very difficult to adjust in society. But if people do not see their identity as multiple duty they perceive it as a part of nation then this type of division is not destructive but is constructive for society. With this all the weaker sections of society will get representation in our political system.
System of Leaders to use Social Divisions. Second important factor or outcome of politics of social division is that how our leaders raise their demands for different social groups. If the demands would be raised in a peaceful manner and by giving even preference to demands of other groups then it will be constructive for society. But if leaders will raise their demands at the cost of demands of other groups then society can move towards conflict.
Government’s Reaction. Third important factor in this is the reaction of government towards these demands. If government will try to share powers with all the groups, even with minorities, then social division will be of no threat to the country. But if they will try to suppress those demands then it will lead to forced integration and later on in the form of disintegration.

So the outcomes of politics of social division in a diversified country should not be seen as a danger. If these given factors are cared properly then it can be healthy for the nation as well.

Q. 2. When does a social difference become a social division ?

Ans. Every social difference cannot lead to social division. The meaning of social difference is the difference in a group due to certain bases like race, religion, caste, colour, culture, language, etc. When some social differences join hands with another set of social differences then it becomes social division. It means that when some social differences join with each other then it becomes social division. Here we can take the example of blacks and whites of U.S.A. The main difference between them is of their race that they are of black and white race. This is social difference. But when another set of difference joins that set, like blacks are poor and homeless, then it becomes a social division and it produces a feeling that they both are of different communities.

Q. 3. How do social divisions affect politics? Give two examples.

Ans. In almost all the democracies, bi-party system or multiparty system is there in which different political parties contest the elections against each other and try to win over maximum number of votes so that they could be able to win majority in assemblies. For this, they do a number of promises to voters so that they could join their party. Even they promise to favour any particular group to win over its loyality and that group gives its full help to that party. In this way they try to create differences among the different social groups. These differences can create distrust among various social groups.

But it is not necessary that these social differences can become social division and can create conflict in the society. In this type of society every section of the society is able to raise its ice for its upliftment socially and economically. We can give many examples of different countries where government has given its favours to any particular group and yet no conflict or violence occurred in that country.

Examples: Firstly, we can take example of Northern Ireland which is a region of U.K. and has suffered violence due to bitter ethno-political conflict. Two major groups of people live in it. 44% people are Roman Catholics and 53% people are Protestants. Nationalist parties were representing Catholics and they raised their voice regarding unification of Northern Ireland with Republic of Ireland which is a catholic country. But Protestants favoured to remain with U.K. who were represented by Unionists. There was a fierce struggle and violence between Nationalists and Unionists and between Nationalists and forces of U.K. But in 1998 they reached an agreement after which their armed struggle was suspended.

On contrary to this, we have the example of Yugoslavia where a number of diverse people Catholics, Muslims and Eastern orthodox people are living. Religious and political competition was there among them which led to the tension and conflict in these groups. Due to this conflict Yugoslavia was then divided into 6 republics and 2 provinces. So political, religious and ethnic competition has led to the disintegration of the country into 6 independent countries. So, from here it is clear that social divisions should not be mixed with politics.

Q. 4. Fill in the blanks.

……… social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions ………… social differences do not usually lead to conflicts.

Ans. Over lapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. Cross cutting social differences do not usually lead to conflicts.

Q. 5. In dealing with social divisions which one of the following statements is not correct about democracy.

(a) Due to political competition in a democracy, social divisions get reflected in politics.

(b) In a democracy it is possible for communities to voice their grievances in a peaceful manner.

(d) Democracy always leads to disintegration of society on the basis of social divisions.

Ans. Answer of this question is option (d) because democracy never always leads to disintegration of society on the basis of social divisions.

Q. 6. Consider the following three statements.

A. Social divisions take place when social differences overlap.

B. It is possible that a person can have multiple identities.

C. Social divisions exist in only big countries like India. Which of the statements is/are correct?

(a) A, B and C (b) A and B (c) B and C (d) Only C.

Ans. Answer of this question is option (b) that statements A and B are correct.

Q. 7. Arrange the following statements in a logical sequence and select the right answers by using the code given below.

A. But all political expression of social divisions need not be always dangerous.

B. Social divisions of one kind or the other exist in most countries.

C. Parties try to win political support by appealing to social divisions.

D. Some social differences may result in social divisions.

(a) D, B, C, A

(b) D, B, A, C

(d) A, B, C, D.

Ans. Option (a) is correct.

Q. 8. Among the following, which country suffered disintegration due to political fights on the basis of religious and ethnic identities ?

(a) Belgium

(b) India

(d) Netherlands.

Ans. Out of these options only Yugoslavia (c) has suffered disintegration due to political fights on the basis of religious and ethnic identities.

Q. 9. Read the following passage from a famous speech by Martin Luther King Jr. in 1963. Which social division is he talking about? What are his aspirations and anxieties? Do you see relationship between this speech and the incident in Mexico Olympics mentioned in this chapter ?

“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character. Let freedom ring. And when this happens, and when we allow freedom ring-when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children-blank men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics-will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last’! I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal’.”

Ans. Martin Luther King Jr. was a great human activist who fought for the equal rights of all citizens in U.S.A. He started a movement called American Civil Rights Movement which was started to end discrimination specially racial, demand of right to vote and other labour and basic civil rights. So due to his efforts his demands were met by passing certain laws in U.S.

Actually black people were deported to U.S. from African countries as slaves and there was a great discrimination with them in U.S. Black people were used to treat inhumanly and were tortured by whites in a number of ways. That’s why Martin Luther King wants to see a world where there is no racial discrimination. He wants to see that every one should be treated as equal even if he belongs to one religion, caste, race or another. He was thinking that there should be a world where all the people should be given equal opportunities to develop and the economic and social interests of every one should be respected.

Due to racial discrimination in the world, two athletes of U.S. Tommie Smith and John Carlos who won gold and bronze medals in Mexico Olympics in 1968, raised their voice. During medal ceremony of 200m. race they stood with clenched fists upraised and heads bowed at the time of singing U.S. National anthem. They wore black socks and no shoes, to represent black poverty, to get their medals. The black gloves and raised clenched fists were showing black power.

Both these incidents are closely related with each other because they both had tried to draw people’s attention towards racial discrimination and Atlantic slave trade. They tried to draw attention of people towards poor economic condition of blacks in U.S. So there is a great relation between speech of Luther King and incident of Mexico Olympics in 1968.

J&K class 10th Social Science Democracy and Diversity Important Questions and Answers

Objective Type Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. When does Mexico Olympics were held ?

(A) 1968

(B) 1964

(D) 1976.

Ans. (A) 1968.

2. Who started the civil rights movement in USA ?

(A) John Milton

(B) Martin Luther King Jr.

(D) John F. Kennedy.

Ans. (B) Martin Luther King Jr.

3. Descendents of Africans who were sent to USA as slaves are known as ………

(A) African Asians

(B) American Asians

(D) African Americans.

Ans. (D) African Americans.

4. The Black Power movement was started in …………. and lasted till …………

(A) 1964, 1970

(B) 1967, 1972

(D) 1968, 1978.

5. Social differences are mostly based on accident of ……….

(A) Birth

(B) Society

(D) None of these.

Ans. (A) Birth.

6. Name the Place where India conducted its Nuclear Test.

(A) Punjab

(B) Gujarat

(D) Orissa.

Ans. (C) Rajasthan.

7. When one set of social differences joins with other set of social differences then it is known as ………

(A) Overlapping

(B) Cross cutting

(D) None of these.

Ans. (A) Overlapping.

8. When one set of social differences are weakened by another set of social differences then it is known as ……….

(A) Overlapping

(B) Social division.

(D) None of these.

Ans. (C) Cross cutting.

9. A society which has similar kinds of people is known as ………….

(A) Homogeneous

(B) Heterogeneous

(D) Classical society.

Ans. (A) Homogeneous.

10. Anyone who shifts from one place to another place for work or economic opportunity is known as ……….

(A) Immigrant

(B) Emigrant

(D) None of these.

Ans. (C) Migrant.

11. On which place 1968 Olympics held ?

(A) Beirut

(B) Mexico

(D) London

Ans. (B) Mexico.

12. What percentage of Protestants Christianity is in Northern Ireland ?

(A) 44%

(B) 53%

(D) 57%.

Ans. (B) 53%.

Fill in the blanks

1. Catholics, Muslims and ………….. people live in Yugoslavia.

Ans.Eastern orthodox

2. Civil Right movement came to an end in ………….

Ans.1975

3. Civil Right movement was started in …………..

Ans.U.S.A.

4. ……….. is an official a language of J&K.

Ans.Urdu

5. Social divisions based on ……….. are peculiar to India.

Ans.Caste

True or False

1. In 1968, Maxico olympics, twp athletes showed their anger towards racial discrimination.

Ans.True

2. Civil Rights Movement was started by Martin Luther King.

Ans.True

3. 90% people of Northern Ireland are Roman catholics.

Ans. False

4. In 1998 armed struggle in Northern Ireland was suspended.

Ans.True

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q. 1 Who are African Americans ?

Who were Afro-Americans ?

Ans. African Americans are those black people whose forefathers were brought into U.S. by colonial rulers as slaves. They were brought in U.S. between 17th and 19th century. Most of these African-American were brought to North America and Caribbean countries.

Q. 2. What was Civil Rights movement ?

Ans. Civil Rights movement was started by Martin Luther King Jr. in 1964 against the racial discrimination. Black people were racially discriminated. They were poor and were given no rights, not even right to vote. That’s why he started this movement to raise voice against discrimination and to draw attention of the world towards this.

Q. 3. What is Homogeneous society ?

Ans. Homogeneous society is that society whose people are of same kind and where there is no value of ethnic differences. It means that society, whose members are similar from the point of view of caste, religion, language, culture, etc. and where there are no ethnic or social differences.

Q. 4. What is Black Power ?

Ans. Black Power was a mere militant and anti-racist movement which was started in 1966 to end racism in the United State with the help of even violence. It was started in 1966 and lasted till 1975 and it was also in favour of use of violence to end racial discrimination in the United States.

Q. 5. How two American athletes showed their anger towards racism in 1968 Olympics ?

Ans. Two American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos, who won gold and bronze medals respectively in 200m race stood clenched fists upraised and heads bowed during singing of U.S. National Anthem. They received their medals by wearing black socks but without shoes in 1968 Mexico Olympics to show their anger towards racism.

Q. 6. Which movement refers in America in 1954-1968?

Ans. Civil Rights Movement refers in America in 1954-1968.

Q. 7. In which year Dalit Groups decided to participate in the U.N. conference against Racism in Duban ?

Ans. In 2001.

Q. 8. What are social differences ?

Ans. Social differences are the situations in which masses are discriminated on the basis of economic, racial and social inequality. It gives way to social diversity and social diversity is different in different societies.

Q. 9. What is meant by social division ?

Ans. Social division is the division of society on the basis of social differences like colour, race, caste, religion, language, etc. It also show regional and linguistic diversity.

Q. 10. What is the nature of social division or social diversity ?

Ans. Actually nature of social division or social diversity is different in different societies. In some societies, it is based on religious diversity and in some societies it is based upon social diversity.

Q. 11. What is overlapping difference ?

Ans. Overlapping differences are those social differences in which one set of social differences associate with other set of social differences with which social division comes in society. These differences can lead to tension and distrust in the society.

Q. 12. What are cross cutting differences ?

Ans. In this type of differences, one type of social differences weakens another set of social difference. Then it becomes very difficult to put people into one category because they might have different views on different issues.

Q. 13. What is the main difference between overlapping and cross cutting difference?

Ans. The main difference between both types of differences is that overlapping differences creates possibilities of social division and tensions but cross cutting differences are easier to accommodate in the society.

Q. 14. What is meant by racial ?

Ans. It is a belief that political and social organizations should be based on racial categories. Racism may involve prejudice or hostility towards members of another race.

Q. 15. What is Ethnic nationalism ?

Ans. It is a form of nationalism that is fuelled primarily by a keen sense of ethnic distinctiveness and the fervent desire to preserve it.

Q. 16. Where 1968 Olympic games were held ?

Ans. 1968 Olympic games were held in Mexico.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q. 1. Discuss the incident which happened in Mexico Olympics in 1968 regarding racism.

Ans. In 1968 Maxico Olympics, two U.S. athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos won the gold and bronze medals respectively. While the National Anthem of U.S. was being played they both stood with clenched fists upraised and heads bowed. Even they received medals while wearing black socks and no shoes to show black poverty. They even wore black gloves and raised clenched fists to show black power. It means that at that time there was a racial discrimination in the world against the black people and these athletes had showed their anger towards this discrimination. But International Olympic Association took back their medals for showing their anger.

Q. 2. Do social differences exist in all the countries ?

Ans. Yes, social differences exist in almost all the countries irrespective of its size and population. Actually, social differences are based on many bases like race, culture, religion, language, etc. and when two social differences join then social division comes in society. Social differences come due to diversity of population. Modern and small country like Belgium also has these differences on the basis of language. In the same way Sri Lanka also has these differences on the basis of religion or culture. Countries like U.S.A., India, etc. also have these types of differences. So we can say that social differences exist in all the countries.

Q. 3. How social differences originates in our society?

Ans. Actually most of the social differences originate by Nature or we can say that most of the social differences are based on the birth. We cannot choose the community in which we will have to take birth. We belong to that community in which we are born. People don’t have any choice in setting their physical features like tall, short, dark, fair, male female etc. These are not his choice but these differences are given by nature. But all the differences are not given by nature. Person can choose many things himself which become a base of differences. For example, person chooses his religion, education, etc. Person chooses these things himself and these are not by birth. So some of the differences originate by birth and some are originated in society.

Q. 4. Can a person have different roles or multiple identities ?

Ans. Yes, a person can have different roles or multiple indentities. The meaning of different roles is that different factors from the point of veiw of religion, culture, language, etc. People of different communities or castes can have the same religion. Even the people of same family can have different economic status. In this way person can relate himself with different groups at the same time which depends upon his classification of these groups. So a person can have different roles or multiple identities.

Q. 5. Are divisions inherent to the working of democracy ?

Ans. Yes, we can say that to some extent that divisions are inherent in a democracy. In any democratic country divisions are inherent. Here we can take the example of our country India which is the largest democracy of the world. In India we can see that people of diverse culture, of different languages, religions, castes etc. live over here. They might have a number of problems between them but still our democracy is united and integrated. Even our democracy has got strength by this.

Q. 6. Is it right that politics and social division be allowed to mix within each other ?

Ans. In its first sight, it seems that if social division and politics be allowed to mix then it is very dangerous and disasterous for society. It is so because if social division will come in politics then political parties and political leaders will try to take advantage from this situation and leaders will try to encourage these divisions. It will lead to conflict, violence and disintegration of society. Society will be divided on political, ethnic and religious basis. So politics and social divisions should not be allowed to mix within each other. But all the social divisions in politics are not dangerous for society.

Long Answer Type Question

Q. 1. What do you mean by overlapping differences and cross cutting differences ?

Ans. Overlapping differences. Overlapping differences are those social differences in which one set of social differences associate with other set of social differences with which social division comes in society. This social division in society comes due to multiple social differences. It is not easy to handle these type of differences because these can lead to tension and distrust in society. So social division in society, occurs due to overlapping differences. We can take example of Northern Ireland where people are Christians but belong to different groups-Catholics and Protestants. These both groups are further divided on the basis of their wealth because Protestants are more richer than Catholics. In this way two sets of differences cause division in society.

Cross cutting differences. Cross cutting differences are exactly opposite to overlapping differences. In these types of differences one type of social differences weakens another set of social difference. Then it becomes very difficult to put people into one category, because they will have different views on different issues. They might agree with each other on one issue and might disagree with each other on other issue. Here we can take example of Catholics and Protestants of Netherlands who are both rich and poor. So the social difference of religion is weakened by another set of social differences of wealth.

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JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 3 Democracy and Diversity