JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 3 The Making of a Global World

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 3 The Making of a Global World

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 3 The Making of a Global World

Jammu & Kashmir State Board JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions

INTRODUCTION TO THE CHAPTER

• The making of the global world has a long history. This is the history of trade, migration, people in search of work and the movement of capital, etc.
• The silk routes connected various parts of Asia with one another and Asia with Europe and northern Africa. There had been several silk routes over land and by sea.
• Food items helped in long-distance cultural exchange. Traders and travellers  introduced new food items wherever they went.
• Conquests and trade spread germs of various diseases from one continent to the other.
• Flow of trade, flow of labour and movement of capital greatly affected people’s lives in the nineteenth century.
• By 1890, a global agricultural economy had taken place. It was accompanied by complex changes in labour movement patterns, capital flows, ecologies and technology.
• Technology played a vital role in the making of a global world. The railways, steamships and the telegraph helped move commodities from one country to the other and one continent to the other continent.
• Though trade flourished and markets expanded in the late nineteenth century, they also proved as a loss of freedoms and livelihoods.
• In the nineteenth century, hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers | went to work on plantations, in mines and in road and railway construction projects I around the world.
• Though the First World War was mainly fought in Europe, its impact was felt around the world.

IMPORTANT TERMS

• Dissenter. One who refuse to accept established beliefs and practices.
• Indentured Labour. A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country or home.
• Tariff. Tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world. Tariffs levied at the point of entry i.e. at the airport.
• Exchange rates. They link national currencies for purpose of international trade.

Write in brief :

1. Europeans travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims carried with them goods, money, values, skills, ideas, and inventions to Asia.
2. The Portuguese and Spanish carried with them the germs of diseases such as those of smallpox to the Americas. The local residents of Americas had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. Consequently, they died in thousands.

1. European sailors crossed the western ocean to the Americas in the sixteenth century. Before it, the Americas had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world.
2. By the mid-sixteenth century, the Portuguese and Spaniards started the conquest and colonisation of the Americas. But European conquest and colonisation of the Americas was not just a result of superior firepower.
3. It was the result of the germs such as those of smallpox that they were infected with due to their long isolation. Americas’ original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe.
4. As a result, they began to die in thousands and whole communities got eliminated. It (paved the way for conquest and colonisation of the Americas.

1. Food items could be imported into Britain more cheaply than they could be produced within the country.
2. The British agriculture was not able to compete with imports. Consequently, peasants stopped cultivating their land.
3. Thousands of men and women became unemployed. They flocked to the cities or migrated to other countries.

1. The First World War caused widespread destruction of life and property. It caused unprecedented devastations. Millions of people were killed, wounded and disabled during the war. But most of the killed and wounded were men of working age.
2. These deaths and injuries reduced the able-bodied work-force in Europe. With fewer numbers within the family, household incomes declined after the war.
3. Consequently, women were given jobs and some working people were welcomed from other countries.

1. Indian trade was affected. India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 A.D. and 1934 A.D.
2. Wheat prices in India fell by 50 per cent between 1928 A.D. and 1934 A.D.
3. Peasants and farmers suffered more than urban people. Though the agricultural prices fell sharply, the British Government refused to reduce land revenue.
4. The jute producers of Bengal fell deeper and deeper into debt because the price of raw jute had fallen more than 60 per cent.
5. India became an exporter of precious metals, notably gold.
6. Landlords and middle class salaried employees in cities found themselves better off because of falling prices.
7. Industrial investment grew as the government extended tariff protection to industries.

1. It stimulated world trade and capital flows.
2. It helped the Asian countries in solving the unemployment problem by increasing job opportunities.
3. New varieties of things were manufactured on a large scale in the Asian countries. It enabled people to enjoy various items.
4. It helped the economies of the Asian countries to come out of the clutches of the former colonial powers.

1. Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from far away farms to final markets. For example, till the 1870s, animals were shipped live from America to Europe and then slaughtered when they arrived there.
2. The refrigerated ships enabled the transport of perishable foods for long distances. Now the animals were slaughtered in America, Australia or New Zealand and then transported to Europe as frozen meat. This reduced shipping costs and lowered meat prices in Europe.

1. Economic depression had its disastrous impact on agrarian and non-agrarian sectors of the region. It lowered down the agricultural prices in the region. Consequently, peasants were unable to pay the already fixed high taxes in J&K.
2. It resulted in rising agrarian indebtness and bad condition of the peasants.
3. Economic depression increased unemployment, food shortage and starvation.
4. All the industries of the region faced severe deterioration due to world wide depression.
5. Dislocation in trade created adverse conditions for the artisans.

DISCUSS

1. Kashmir’s geographical closeness with central Asia and Silk route system increased its importance.
2. The Kokand-Kashgar-Yarkand-Leh-Srinagar route was followed by merchants, artisans, pilgrims and adventures. They brought their expertise, skills and knowledge over here.
3. Kashmir became a vital staging and refueling for the caravans and became an equally important trading centre.
4. The main commodities of trade were silk, spices, tea, indigo, gems, fur (pashm) and fine Kashmiri shawls. It became an important trading centre from where silk, Pashmina wool and salt were exchanged.
5. Silk routes also helped in cultural exchange and sharing ideas, philosophies and religions of the world. It introduced new beliefs and shaped the religion, economy and politics of the region.
6. The advent of Islam in Kashmir was made possible by the preachers from Iran and Central Asia who travelled through, silk route.
7. The arts and crafts like calligraphy, painting, silk and carpet weaving were introduced by the artisans brought from Samarqand by Sultan Zin-ul-Abidin.

1. Flow of trade. The first type of flow is the flow of trade. In the nineteenth century, it was mainly referred to trade in goods, especially cloth or wheat.
2. Flow of labour. The second is the flow of labour. It means the migration of people in search of employment.
3. Flow of capital. The third is the flow of capital in foreign countries either for short term or long term investments.

1. India had trade relations with several countries of the world from time immemorial. Nearly five thousand years ago, the people of the Indus Valley Civilisation had been carrying on trade with other prosperous regions such as Mesopotamia, etc.
2. In the nineteenth century, hundreds of thousands of Indian labourers went to work on plantations, in mines, and in road and railway construction projects around the world.
3. During the British rule in India, several Europeans established their factories in India. As a result, flow of capital involving India and the European countries began.

1. Over production and unplanned and uncoordinated development of industries.
2. The owners of factories and business enterprises tried to maximise their profits by producing more goods than what were demanded for.
3. The purchasing power of the workers remained low. The capitalists were not ready to reduce the price as it would affect the profits,. So the goods remained unsold.
4. There was a glut in the market. It was called economic depression.

1. Since the IMF and the World Bank have been established by the developed countries, decision-making in these institutions is controlled by the Western industrial powers. The US has an effective right of veto over major IMF and World Bank decisions. The developing countries have no say in these institutions.
2. The developing countries were overburdened by poverty and lack of resources, and their economies and societies were handicapped by long periods of colonial rule. But the IMF and the World Bank were designed to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries. They were not equipped to cope with the challenge of poverty and lack of development in the former colonies.
3. As colonies, many of the less developed regions of the world had been part of the Western empires. Now, as newly independent countries facing urgent pressures to lift their populations out of poverty, they came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers. Even after many years of decolonisation, the former colonial powers still controlled vital resources such as minerals and land in many of their former colonies.

PROJECT

True or False

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. India’s share in the world trade of goods and services services has increased marginally. But this progress is very low as compared ed to other developing countries.
2. Investment from other countries (F.D.I’s.) to produce goods and services in India has increased.

1. The US’ emergence as the dominant economic, political and military power in the Western world.
2.  The dominance of the Soviet Union.

Short Answer Type Questions

1. The quantitative restriction has been increasingly done away with.
2. Rate of import duty has been reduced.
3. Restrictions on free flow of foreign private investment have been largely removed or greatly relaxed.

1. It affected the economy of almost all the capitalist countries of the world, including the U.S.A.
2. It resulted in large scale unemployment. The estimate of unemployed during this period all over the world varied between 50 and 100 millions. In the U.S.A. alone, the number of unemployed exceeded 15 million.
3. The economic crisis resulted in loss of production too, as many factories were closed down for want of work and workers were thrown out of employment.
4. The Great Depression had serious political consequences, particularly in Italy and Germany where fascism emerged by exploiting the discontent of the people. It led to the victory of the Democratic Party in the U.S.A.

1. Heavy taxes were imposed which could be paid only by working for wages on plantations and mines.
2. 2. Inheritance laws were changed so that peasants were displaced from land: only one member of a family was allowed to inherit land, as a result of which the others were pushed into the labour market.
3. Mine workers were confined in compounds and not allowed to move about freely.

1. Fine cotton produced in India were exported to Europe. With industrialisation, the British cotton manufacture began to expand, and industrialists pressurised the government to restrict cotton imports and protect local industries. So the government imposed tariffs on cloth imports into Britain. Consequently, the inflow of fine Indian cotton began to decline.
2. The British manufacturers began to seek overseas markets for their cloth. Excluded from the British market by tariff barriers, Indian textiles faced stiff competition in other international markets.

1. Over the nineteenth century, the British manufactures flooded the Indian market. Foodgrain and raw material exports from India to Britain and the rest of the world increased.
2. But the value of the British exports to India was much higher than the value of the British imports from India. Thus, the Britain had a ‘trade surplus’ with India.
3. The Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries-that is, with countries from which the Britain was importing more than it was selling to. By helping the Britain balance its deficits, India played a crucial role in the late nineteenth-century world economy.

1. The First World War led to the snapping of economic links between some of the world’s largest economic powers which were now fighting with each other to pay for them.
2. So the Britain borrowed large sums of money from US banks as well as the US public. Thus, the war transformed the US from being an international debtor to an international creditor.
3. In other words, at the war’s end, the US and its citizens owned more overseas assets than foreign governments and citizens owned in the US.

1. An industrial society based on mass production could not be sustained without mass consumption. But to ensure mass consumption, there was a need for high and stable incomes. Incomes could not be stable if employment was unstable. Thus, stable incomes also required steady and full employment.
2. The second lesson was related to a country’s economic links with the outside world. The goal of full employment could only be achieved if governments had power to control flows of goods, capital and labour.

1. Silk routes were the main cultural links between distant parts of the world. The name ‘Silk routes’ tells the importance of west bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route.
2. Many historians have identified many silk routes over land and by sea, joining vast regions of Asia and with Europe and northern Africa. They existed even before the Christian era and remained till 15th century.
3. These routes were very important because Chinese pottery, Indian textiles and spices used them for transportation to European countries. In return, precious metals i.e., gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia. They were also important for cultural exchange among different countries.

1. From late 18th century, population of England grew rapidly and demand for foodgrains was increased.
2. Urban centres expanded and industries grew in the country because of which demand for agricultural products went up and prices of foodgrains also went up.
3. In late 18th century and in 19th century, Industrial Revolution took place in Europe especially in England. That’s why demand for agricultural and industrial products was increased.
4. The British agriculture was unable to compete with cheap imported foodgrains. That’s why food prices fell and consumption in the Britain rose.

1. In late 18th and 19th century, Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe and a lot of raw material and minerals were required for the industries of Europe. That’s why European manufacturers were attracted towards those countries where these were available abundantly. Africa became their desired destination.
2. Large labour force was easily available in African countries and it was available at cheap rates. That’s why Europeans were attracted towards Africa.
3. With Industrial Revolution a lot of money was accumulated in Europe. They started to invest this money in making colonies in different parts of the world. African countries were very weak, that’s why Europeans were attracted towards them.
4. African countries also offered good markets for manufactured products of Europe.

1. Industrial Revolution took place in Europe and the Europeans started to produce a lot of textile goods. That’s why export of Indian textiles declined.
2. Textile goods made in industries of Europe were very cheap and good in quality as compared to Indian textiles. That’s why also export of Indian textiles was declined.
3. European countries imposed heavy taxes on Indian textile goods so that they could TOMAAL become more expensive. Slowly and steadily their sale was decreased and export also declined.

1. Manufacturers India a the method of advertisement through newspapers, hoardings, etc., to expand the market for their goods. They started labelling the bundles, name of manufacturers and name of the company.
2. They used the method of labelling to expand their market. Industrialists started labelling the goods with the pictures of gods and goddesses.
3. Producers also used calendars to popularize their goods. Calendars are even used by illiterate people. They can see the goods on calendars and can purchase them.

1. Cotton industries started to develop in India. They saw Indian textile goods as a threat to their development. They pressurised the government and government imposed import duty on textile goods so that goods made in the Britain could be sold without competition.
2. Industrialists were also asked the East India Company to sell things made in U.K. in Indian markets. These things were very cheap and good in quality. That’s why Indian textile industry declined.
3. By 1860 A.D., supply of raw cotton fell and needs of cotton textile industry could not be met. This shortage led to decline of Indian textile industry.

1. In Trinidad, the annual Muharram procession was transformed into a riotous carnival called Hosay in which workers of all races and religions joined.
2. In the same way, the protest religion of Rasta farianism (made famous by the Jamaican reggae star Bob Marley) is also said to reflect social and cultural links with Indian migrants to the Caribbean.
3. Chutney music, in Trinidad and Guyana, is another creative contemporary expression of the post-indenture experience.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. It affected the economy of almost all the capitalist countries including the U.S.A. and the European countries.
2. It resulted in large scale unemployment. The estimate of unemployed during this period all over the world varied between 50 and 100 millions. In the U.S.A. alone the number of unemployed exceeded 15 millions.
3. The economic crisis resulted in loss of production too, as many factories closed down for want of work and workers were thrown out of employment.
4. The Great Depression resulted in wide spread poverty. Large scale unemployment threw the people into hunger.
5. Due to unemployment and poverty, living standard of the people declined. Agricultural and industrial production fell very quickly.

1. This was the First World War in the human history which proved so destructive that lakhs of people were killed. It is believed that around 9 million people were killed and around 20 million people were wounded. People, who suffered most in the war, were the work force which was brought to Europe from different countries.
2. Most of the workforce of Europe was either killed, disabled or wounded in the First World War. This led to the gradual fall of agricultural and industrial production. This led to economic depression of 1929 after 11 years.
3. This war proved very costly for the economy of the world as well as of different countries. Many industrial countries were crippled economically and they had to borrow money from U.S.A. The U.S.A. emerged as one of the most powerful creditors of the world.
4. It has been estimated that the total expenses of war were around 2000 million pounds. Such a massive expense proved very costly for various countries of the world. A number of cities, agricultural farms, industries were ruined due to war which led to loss of employment and increase of hunger. This war led to destruction of trade.

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