JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 4 The Age of Industrialisation

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 4 The Age of Industrialisation

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Jammu & Kashmir State Board JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions

INTRODUCTION TO THE CHAPTER

• Industrialisation is often associated with the growth of factory or industry.
• Before the emergence of factories, goods were produced within family farms. Urban merchants in Britain used to go to villages, give money to peasants and artisans and persuade them to produce for an international market.
• Although factories in England began to emerge by the 1730s, the number of factories multiplied only in the late eighteenth century.
• Several inventions took place in the eighteenth century. They increased the efficiency of the production process in factory.
• Cotton and metals were the most dynamic industries in Britain. Of the two, cotton led in the first phase of industrialisation upto 1840s.
• There was no shortage of human labour in Britain in Victorian age. So industrialists were reluctant to introduce machines in their factories. It resulted in exploitation of labourers.
• The East India Company secured a variety of concessions from local courts to monopolise rights of trade in India.
• As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups pressurized the government to impose import dutisses on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in the Britain without facing any competition from outside. They also  persuaded the East India Company to sell the British manufactured goods in Indian markets. It was a major setback to Indian textile industry.
• Factories began to come up in India in the late 1900s. These were set up in different regions of the country by different types of people. With the expansion of factories, demand of workers increased.
• During the Swadeshi Movement, nationalists asked people to boycott foreign cloth. So industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests.
• Though the age of industries had meant major technological changes, growth of factories and the making of a new industrial labour force, yet hand technology and I small-scale production remained an important part of the industrial landscape.

1. Orient. The countries to the east of the Mediterranean, usually referring to Asia. The term arises out of a western viewpoint that sees this region as pre-modern, traditional and mysterious.
2. Proto. Indicating the first or early form of something.
3. Absolutist. Literally, a government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised.
4. Utopian. A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.
5. Spinning Jenny. A machine which by turning one single wheel a worker could set I in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same point.
6. Sepoy. This is how the British pronounce the word Sipahi which means an Indian | soldier in the service of the British.

Write in brief:

1. There was widespread unemployment in Europe. In the periods of economic slumps, like the 1830s, the proportion of unemployed went up between 35 and 75 per cent in different regions.
2. So, when the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen industry in Britain, workers opposed it. By turning one single wheel, a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time. It reduced labour demand.
3. Workers feared that they would be deprived of their jobs. Therefore, women workers in Britain who survived on hand spinning, attacked the Spinning Jenny.

1. Merchants were not able to expand production within towns. Crafts and trade guilds in towns were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained crafts people, maintained control over production, regulated competitions and prices and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.
2. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. It was, therefore, difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns.
3. So they began employing peasants and artisans within the villages and persuaded them to produce goods of quality for an international market

1. Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from India dominated the international market in textile. Coarser cottons were produced in many countries, but the finer varieties often came from India. Armenian and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia. A vibrant tea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports.
2. Surat on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea ports. But by the end of the eighteenth century, the European powers gradually gained power.
3. They first secured a variety of concessions from local courts and then the monopoly rights to trade in India. They began to carry on their trade from the ports of Bombay and Calcutta. This resulted in the decline of the old port of Surat.

1. Before the 1760s, the British cotton industries had not expanded and Indian fine textiles were in great demand in Europe. So the East India Company wanted to expand textile exports from India. But it was not an easy task.
2. The French, Dutch, Portuguese and the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weavers and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer.
3. So the company tried to establish a more direct control over the weavers. For the purpose, it appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.

1. Silk rearing centres were set up across the state. Silk guilds, Kirm Kash, were given special privileges.
2. In 1892, silk industry was organised on modern lines as state enterprise. Sir walter Lawrence was put incharge of the industry.
3. In 1903, the silk industry was improvised on the recommendations of Mr. Thomas Wardley, an English Sericulturist.
4. In 1907, a cocoon rearing factory was established in Srinagar for which seeds were imported from France and Italy and were distributed among Kashmiri peasants.

DISCUSS

1. There was no shortage of human labour. Poor peasants and labourers moved to the cities in large number in search of work. When there was plenty of labour, wages were low. So industrialists had no problem of labour shortage or high wage costs. They did not want to introduce machines that got rid of human labour and required large capital investment.
2. In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal. Gas works and breweries were especially busy through the cold months. So they needed more workers to meet their peak demand. Book-binders and printers, catering to Christmas demand, too, needed extra hands before December. At the waterfront, winter was the the time that ships were repaired. In all such industries w where production fluctuated with the season, industrialists usually preferred hand labour, employing workers for the season.
3. A range of products could be produced only with hand labour. Machines could be used to produce uniform and standardised goods for a mass market. But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. The upper classes-the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie-preferred things produced by hand. Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed. Machine-made goods were for export to the colonies.

1. The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade and establish a m direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
2. It prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers. One way of doing this was through the system of advances. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. They could not take it to any other trader.

1. Shawl industry. From 17th to mid 19th century, Kashmiri shawl dominated the world of textiles. Its trade brought huge profit and employment to the people. This industry was the centre of Kashmiri economy during 19th century and the wool for shawls was imported from Lhasa, Ladakh and Yarkand. Its export earned around 35 lakh per year.
2. Carpet weaving industry. The carpet weaving industry was introduced in Kashmir by Sultan Zainul Abidin. He invited craftsmen from Samarqand and Persia. But this industry suffered setback after his period. It revived only during the Mughal rule. Akhun Mulla Rahnumaa, a great saint, visited Persia, learnt the art of carpet weaving and revived it in Kashmir. This industry was greatly affected during the Great Depression of 1929. The growth of machine made carpets and cheaper carpets from Mirzapur and Amritsar gave stiff competition to Kashmiri Carpet.

PROJECT WORK

Objective Type Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Fill in the blanks

True or False

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

1. With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies by Britain in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. But merchants could not expand production within towns. In towns, urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful.
2. These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.
3. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. It was, therefore, difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to the countryside.

1. By the time of the Industrial Revolution, open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed. Cottagers and poor peasants who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival, gathering their firewood, berries, vegetables, hay and straw, had to mega now look for alternative sources of income.
2. Many had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household. So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed.

1. They could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots. Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation.
2. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labour resources.

1. In many weaving villages there were clashes between weavers and gomasthas appointed by the East India Company. Earlier supply- merchants had very often lived within the weaving villages. They had a close relationship with the weavers. They looked after their needs and helped them in times of crisis.
2. But the new gomasthas were outsiders. They had no long-term social link with the villages. They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply.
3. The weavers lost the space to bargain for prices and sell to different buyers. The price they received from the Company was miserably low and the loans they had accepted tied them to the Company. All this resulted in a clash of interests between weavers and gomasthas at several places.

1. Clashes between the weavers and gomasthas adversely affected the former. In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated.
2. They set up looms in other villages where they had some family relations. Elsewhere, weavers along with the village traders revolted.
3. They opposed the East India Company and its officials. Over time many weavers began refusing to repayment of loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural labour.

1. The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 A.D. and it went into production two years later.
2. By 1862 A.D., four mills were at work with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms.
3. Around the same time jute mills came up in Bengal, the first being set up in 1855 A.D. and another one seven years later in 1862 A.D.
4. In north India, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.
5. By 1874 A.D., the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.

1. As the Swadeshi Movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth.
2. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests. They pressurised the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
3. From 1906, the export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market.

1. The economy of Britain had crumbled because she was unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan.
2. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically.
3. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position. They substituted foreign manufacturers and captured the home market.

1. Technological changes were taking place at a slower pace in the factories because new machines and technology were very expensive and industrialists were very much cautious about using them.
2. Repair of machines was very costly if machines broke down once.
3. Machines used to produce uniform and standardised goods for mass market but a wide range of products could be produced only with the hand labour. Further demand for different designs and shapes was increasing. That’s why technological changes were coming at slower pace.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. The most dynamic industries in Britain were cotton and metals. Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation upto the 1840s. After that the iron and steel industry led the way. With the expansion of railways in England from the 1840s and in the colonies from the 1860s, the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly. By 1873, Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about £77 million, double the value of its cotton export.
2. The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors. Textiles was a dynamic sector, but a large portion of the output was produced not within factories, but outside, within domestic units.
3. The pace of change in the traditional industries was not set by steam-powered cotton or metal industries, but they did not remain entirely stagnant either. Seemingly ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making, and production of implements.
4. Technological changes occurred slowly. They did not spread dramatically across the industrial landscape. New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it. The machines often broke down and repair was costly. They were not as effective as their inventors or the manufacturers claimed.

1. India was a major producer of clothes (woollen, cotton or silk), spices and indigo before Industrial Revolution. But after Industrial Revolution, India’s position in all these spheres declined to a great extent. England started to produce mill made clothes on a mass scale because of which Indian export to England declined.
2. Industries of England started to produce cheap goods and goods of good quality but a vast market was required to sell these goods. Slowly and steadily England started to export these goods to India and then Indian market became full of foreign made goods. In this way India became a very big and good market for products of England.
3. When British made good quality products were available in India at cheap rates, people started to buy those goods instead of local goods. With this Indian small scale industries and cottage industries started to decline.
4. Industrialisation of England led to increased unemployment in India. Indian markets were flooded with the cheap but good quality British products. Indian cottage industry was destroyed and artisans, handicraftsmen became unemployed.

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