JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 3 Water Resources

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 3 Water Resources

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 3 Water Resources

Jammu & Kashmir State Board JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions

INTRODUCTION TO THE CHAPTER

• Water resources are sources of water that is actually usable for drinking, farming and industry. It is the basis of our life on earth.
• 71% of the earth’s surface is covered with water, out of which 96% is present in oceans. This is mainly salt water and is not suitable for agricultural and domestic use.
• Out of this 71%, only about 3% is fresh water which is stored in ice caps and glaciers. Out of this 3%, only 1% is fit for human use.
• Water is a renewable resource. Freshwater is available to us as ground water, in rivers and lakes, as well as through rainfall.
• Water is continuously recycled in nature through the hydrological cycle or water cycle.
• The increase in the population in an area results in water scarcity due to greater demand.
• Drying up of water resources or the polluting of rivers and lakes also leads to scarcity. Water scarcity is a major problem in the world today as many countries of I the world face shortage of water.
• It is estimated that by the year 2025, about 2 billion people living in the world will suffer from water scarcity.
• Out of the total precipitation received globally, India receives about 4 per cent of it. In terms of the water availability per person per annum, India ranks 133 in the world.
• India faces the problem of water shortage due to the unequal distribution of rainfall, global warming, growing population, use of pesticides in agriculture, polluted water, etc.
• In order to use and manage the water available judiciously, conservation practices should be followed. One such way is by building dams and multi-purpose projects.
• Multi-purpose projects and dams are built for irrigation, generating electricity, providing water, controlling floods, navigation, etc.
• Due to their many advantages, Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru has rightly stated that, “Dams are the temples of modern India”.
• Dams also cause large-scale displacement of people, destroy flora and fauna of a region and cause ecological imbalances. Due to this, many local communities and activists have strongly opposed the construction of dams.
• The Narmada Bachao Andolan against the Sardar Sarovar Dam and the Tehri Dam Andolan are social movements against the construction of large dams.
• Hydraulic structures were also present in ancient India. The Hauz Khas area in Delhi was a tank, which was used to supply water to the Siri Fort area.
• Out of the total electricity produced in India, about 22 per cent is contributed by hydro-electricity.
• The Bhopal lake, built in the 11th century, is one of the largest artificial lakes built in its time.
• In Rajasthan, rooftop rainwater harvesting is practised. Underground tanks or tankas are used for storing rainwater.
• A 200 year old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipes is prevalent in Meghalaya.

IMPORTANT TERMS 

• Check dams. Catchment dams particularly in water-deficient area.
• Dam. It is a barrier across the flowing river to make a reservoir.
• Desalination. The process of removing dissolved salt from water especially sea water.
• Drainage basin. The track of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
• Groundwater. Water which percolates underground.
• Hydraulic Structure. Structures build for storing rainwater.
• Multipurpose Project. A river valley project which provides many benefits simultaneously like generating electricity, flood control, navigation, irrigation, fishing, etc.
• Perennial. Rivers having water throughout the year.
• Rainwater harvesting. Technique of storing rainwater in pits, on roofs of houses, etc.
• Surface Water. Rainwater flowing on the surface of the land.
• Water Grid. Creation of uniform pattern of flow of rivers and other water channels in different directions to obtain benefits such as irrigation, electricity generation, etc.
• Water Scarcity. Shortage of water as compared to its demand.
• Water Stress. The stress on account of water shortage or inundation producing strain and leading to distortion or cracks in the ground.
• Watershed. The high ground from which water flows to two or more adjacent basins.

Q. 1. Multiple Choice Questions 

Q. 2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

1. Don’t over-use water.
2. Turn the tap off, when it is not in use.
3. Reuse kitchen water for gardening.

1. Krishna-Godavari water dispute between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
2. Kaveri water dispute between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka
3. Krishna water dispute between Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
4. SYL between Punjab and Haryana.
5. Indus water dispute between India and Pakistan.

1. Our villages particularly suffer on account of the quality of water available for domestic use. About half of our villages are yet to be provided with safe drinking water.
2. Most of India’s rivers, especially the tributaries of the main river have become sinks of domestic and industrial wastes. The Supreme Court, in a recent judgement, described river Yamuna as the ‘City’s Drain’.
3. Today, most rivers are health hazards, threatening the health and livelihoods of many people.
4. Water contamination and deteriorating water quality have caused degradation of our natural ecosystems.
5. Over-exploitation and mismanagement of water have impoverished our resource base and caused ecological crises.

Fill in the blanks :

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Inter-state water dispute.
2. Excessive sedimentation of resources.
3. Displacement of population.
4. One of the causes of earthquakes.

Short Answer Type Questions

1. They help in generating hydro-electricity.
2. They help in controlling floods.
3. They provide water for irrigation.
4. Multi-purpose projects are used for inland navigation and fish breeding.

1. Water is used in industries in many ways. It is used as a coolant for machines.
2. Water is required to generate hydroelectricity, to run industries as well as homes.
3. As a result of the rapid increase in population and urbanisation, the per capita consumption of water has also increased. Water is therefore, critically short of supply.

1. To ensure food security.
2. For the continuation of our livelihoods and productive activities.
3. To safeguard ourselves from health-related hazards.
4. To prevent the degradation of our natural ecosystems.
5. Over exploitation and mismanagement of water resources will impoverish this resource and cause ecological crisis that may have profound impact on our lives. Thus, we must conserve water.

1. Many people and activists oppose the damming of rivers, because it affects the tribal people and the villagers living in the vicinity.
2. Dams cause fragmentation of rivers and block the migration routes of aquatic life, especially for spawning.
3. Artificial reservoirs submerge some parts of the natural vegetation, leading to the extinction of exotic flora and fauna.

1. Construction of large-scale dams leads to the displacement of local communities.
2. The people have to lose their lands and their means of livelihood.
3. The poor lose access and control over resources for the good of the nation.
4. The landless poor have to work in industries as workers or as a labourer at construction site.
5. The people who are displaced could not avail the proper rehabilitation facilities from the government.

1. Based on the structure and the materials used, dams are classified as:
   1. Timber dams;
   2. Embankment dams;
   3. Masonry dams
2. According to height, dams can be categorised as:
   1. Large dams;
   2. Major dams;
   3. Low dams;
   4. Medium height dams;
   5. High dams.

1. Many times, big dams have been unsuccessful in controlling floods due to sedimentation and excessive rainfall.
2. In 2006, Maharashtra and Gujarat got hit badly by the floods due to heavy rains and also water was released from the dams. These floods resulted in extensive soil erosion as well as devastated the life and property of the people. Land got degraded further due to siltation. Thus the multipurpose project aggrevated the pollution, water-borne diseases and induced earthquakes.

1. The farmers have shifted water-intensive and commercial crops.
2. It has changed the ecology by salinisation of the soil.
3. It has increased the social gaps between the rich land owners and the landless poor.

1. They integrate the development of agriculture.
2. They help to raise the village economy.
3. They lead to rapid industrialisation.
4. They help in the growth of urban economy.

Thus, dams are called ‘temples of modern India’.

1. In hilly and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels, for agriculture, like the ‘guls’ and ‘kuls’ in the Western Himalayas.
2. To store drinking water, especially in Rajasthan ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was practised.
3. In the flood plains of Bengal, to irrigate the fields inundation channels were developed. (iv) Agricultural fields in the arid and semi-arid regions, were converted into storage structures that allowed rain water to collect and moisten the soil examples are the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and Johads and Tankas in other parts of Rajasthan.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Water scarcity in most cases is caused by inefficient use, exploitation, excessive use and unequal access to water among different social groups.
2. Rainwater in India is available only for four months from July to September. Therefore, water is not available throughout the year and many areas of the country face drought during the summer months. Failure of the monsoons also brings great hardships to the people.
3. Water scarcity also occurs due to the loss of vegetation, as the surface water becomes muddy and flows to the ocean.
4. Like forests, water also belongs to the community. We have not been able to promote sustainable use of water on this account.
5. Overuse of water resources by farmers also leads to the depletion of groundwater resources, causing fall in the water level.
6. Industrialisation, growth of population and urbanisation also leads to water scarcity or water shortage.

1. In the first century BCE, Sringaverapura near Allahabad had a sophisticated water harvesting system which could channel the flood waters of river Ganga.
2. During his reign Chandragupta Maurya, constructed many lakes, dams and irrigation systems. The most notable example is the Sudarshana lake.
3. Sophisticated irrigation works are also found in Kalinga (Odisha), Kolhapur (Maharashtra), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka), etc.
4. One of the largest artificial lake was built in Bhopal in the 11th century.
5. In the 14th century, Iltutmish constructed the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi to supply water to the Siri Fort area.

1. The rainwater collected on rooftops is used to improve the vegetation cover on ground.
2. With the growth of vegetation, the water seeps into the ground and replenishes the ground water supply.
3. There is no run-off by muddy or dirty water into the drains.

1. People may use the stored water for washing, sanitation or for industrial purpose. It may flow into the drains, instead of soaking into the ground and will not promote groundwater replenishment.
2. If scientific measures are not adopted for using rainwater for drinking, it may cause harm to the people’s health than tap water.

1. Many ecological issues, like effects of change in cropping pattern of the concerned region, salinisation of soil, etc.
2. Large dams have transformed the social landscape of the region. The gap between the rich landowners and landless labourers is widening. The landowners have generally benefitted from water resources, whereas, the landless labourers have to face the brunt of their doleful situation.
3. The inter-state water disputes, in case of Kaveri river, has lingered on without any solution in sight. In the process, even the benefits of damming of rivers have been neglected.
4. Infringement (breach) of dams as in the case of several dams in Maharashtra and Gujarat have created fear among the people.
5. A vast number of small villages have been resettled in close proximity to the urban areas leading to urbanisation.

1. To safeguard ourselves from health hazards.
2. To ensure food security.
3. For continuation of livelihoods.
4. To prevent degradation of our natural ecosystems.

1. Every home must have rainwater harvesting facility.
2. For non-drinking purposes waste water treatment will be started.
3. Control of the leaking of water in our homes.

1. There surface area is almost flat and soft. So it is easy to dig canals in this part of India.
2. In the Northern India demand for irrigation facilities is very high because a variety of crops are grown.
3. Intensive type of cultivation also a cause of widespread canal irrigation.
4. Canal irrigation is suitable here due to the soil of that area as this is porous and level of groundwater is high.
5. Northern India is a flat area without any dense forest. This feature also making this area suitable for canal irrigation.

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