JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 4 Agriculture

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 4 Agriculture

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 4 Agriculture

Jammu & Kashmir State Board JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions

INTRODUCTION TO THE CHAPTER

• The term agriculture is derived from two latin words ‘ager’ and ‘culture’. ‘Ager’ means land and culture’ means cultivation. The art and science of cultivating soil, raising crops and rearing livestock (including fishing and forestry) is known as agriculture.
• About 61% people of India are engaged in agriculture for their livelihoods.
• There is an enormous population pressure on land.
• Plantation farming is a type of commercial farming, where a single crop is grown over a large tract of land.
• Tea, coffee, sugarcane, banana, rubber are some of the important plantation crops in India.
• Primitive subsistence farming is known as Shifting Cultivation or Slash and Burn cultivation.
• Primitive farming is practised on small pieces of land. Primitive tools are used and the family or community members are used as labourers. The yield per hectare is very low as the farmer do not use fertilisers.
• In Shifting cultivation, a small plot of land is cleared by felling trees and often burning bushes and grass. When the soil loses its fertility, another piece of land is cleared and agriculture is practised.
• Shifting cultivation practised in North-eastern States and tribal areas is known as Jhumming.
• A type of farming in which raising of livestock is done alongside cultivation of crops is called Mixed Farming.
• When the produce is meant for self-use, it is called subsistence farming.
• Plantation agriculture is a large-scale cultivation of a single cash crop on large farm for export.
• Rabi, Kharif and Zaid are the three cropping seasons in India.
• Rice is the staple food of people of India. India is the second largest producer of Rice in the world.
• The Ganga-Satluj plain is the largest producer of Wheat in India.
• Important millets like Jowar, Bajra and Ragi are grown in India.
• Maharashtra is the largest producer of Jowar in India.
• India is the leading producer and consumer of pulses in the world. It is also the largest producer of oilseeds in the world.
• India is the second largest producer and leading exporter of Tea in the world.
• Agriculture provides food grains and raw materials for industries.
• Wheat, Barley, Peas, Grams and Mustard are Rabi crops.
• Paddy, Maize, Jowar, Bajra, moong, Cotton, Jute and Groundnut are Kharif crops.
• India is the second largest producer of Sugarcane and the second largest producer of Cotton in the world.
• Jute is known as the ‘Golden fibre’.

IMPORTANT TERMS

• Agricultural Resources. Gifts of nature like fertile soils, favourable climate, water for irrigation, and humus are suitable for growth of plants.
• Agriculture. It is the art and science of cultivating the land.
• Blue Revolution. Revolution in fish and fish products.
• Cash Crops. Crops which are grown with the sole purpose of earning profit.
• Commercial Agriculture. In this type of agriculture, the farmer grows crops for sale.
• Dry Farming. A method of farming in rain deficient areas whereby soil moisture is conserved by raising droughtresistant crops.
• Food Security. The term is applied to the creation of buffer stock to meet emergencies.
• Gene Revolution. Use of biotechnology in agriculture leading to increased production of some food crops.
• Green Revolution. Recent development in agriculture leading to increase in agricultural yields on account of use of better farming techniques, better seeds, fertilisers and provision of assured water supply.
• Horticulture. Cultivation of fruits, vegetables and flowers.
• Intensive farming. Type of agriculture in which crops are grown on small farms using scientific methods for higher yields.
• Inter-Cropping. Raising of crops in association with each other at the same time to conserve soil fertility.
• Kharif Crops. Crops grown during monsoon season.
• Mixed Farming. A type of farming in which raising of livestock done alongside cultivation of crops.
• Net Sown Area. Total area cultivated once in a year.
• Plantation farming. Cultivation of a single crop on large farms for sale.
• Rabi Crops. Crops grown during winter season.
• Subsistence Agriculture. In this type of agriculture, farmer grows crop for their own consumption.
• Wetland farming. Crops grown in areas of high rainfall.
• White Revolution. Revolution in milk production, especially buffalo milk in India.

Q. 1. Multiple Choice Questions 

PROJECT WORK

ACTIVITY

Fill in the blanks :

True/False :

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Millets are, nutritious. Jowar is very rich in calcium, while Ragi is rich in iron and calcium as well roughage.
2. They can be grown on less fertile soils, where rice or wheat cannot be grown.
3. Millets, such as bajra, are used both as a food and as fodder crop.

1. India has a high proportion of arable land, which is nearly 43%-the highest in the world.
2. Due to the tropical climate, high intensity of cropping prevails in India.
3. The proportion of net sown area varies greatly from state to state.
4. Indian farmers depend on monsoons. The drier parts of India depend on irrigation, fertilisers, pesticides, etc.
5. Farmers in India still follow primitive agriculture and grow crops mostly for family consumption. More than one-third of the landholdings are small.

1. It is practised on small patches of land.
2. Primitive tools like dao, hoe and digging sticks are used.
3. Family/Community labour is employed in farm related activities.
4. This type of farming depends largely upon monsoon rainfall, fertility of soil and suitability of environmental condition.
5. The yield per hectare is very low, as the farmers do not use fertilisers.

1. Seeds. High Yielding Varieties (HYV) and quick maturing seeds that develop resistance to pests based on scientific research and field trials, have been introduced.
2. Fertilisers. Chemical fertilisers are used on a large scale. In certain cases, bio-fertilisers are replacing chemical fertilisers.
3. Soil and water conservation. For the first time under the WTO (World Trade Organisation) mandate, soil testing facilities and watershed management techniques are being extended to the farmers.
4. Mechanisation. Increasing use of agricultural machines is being encouraged. New power-driven implements, power tillers and tractors are being provided to the farmers under various schemes on loan, hire-purchases or concessional rate basis.

1. Rice is the staple food crop of people of India.
2. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world.
3. It is a Kharif crop and grows best in hot-wet climate. In areas receiving low or less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation facilities.
4. It grows in the Ganga-Brahmaputra plains, coastal regions and the deltaic regions of India.

1. It is done mainly for the market. The sole aim is to earn profit.
2. It uses capital intensive inputs with the help of labourers.
3. It has an interface of agriculture and industry.

1. Agriculture feeds more than 100 crore people people of India.
2. Agriculture contributes 26% of Gross Domestic Product.
3. Three-fourths of the people of India live on agriculture. Beside 10% more are engaged in occupations connected with agriculture.
4. Agriculture provides raw materials for our agro-based industries. Cotton, jute and sugarcane are the typical examples. There are some industries in India which manufacture goods needed for agriculture.

1. Rice is the staple food crop of people of India.
2. India ranks as the second largest producer of rice in the world.
3. It is a Kharif crop and grows best in hot-wet climate.
4. Rice needs an adequate amount of heat, water and alluvium. It is a labour intensive crop.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Intensive Agriculture. Methods of intensive cultivation have been used in net sown areas under fertile soils. In irrigated areas, intensity of crops has been increased. More than one crop a year are obtained.
2. Dry Farming. Indian agriculture is rain-fed. In many areas, the rainfall is scanty and there are inadequate means of irrigation. In such areas, dry farming methods are used to preserve the moisture.
3. Use of High Yielding Varieties. New varieties of foodgrains and other crops are used. These varieties are high yielding varieties. It has led to the increase in yield per hectare of wheat, rice etc.
4. Green Revolution. A new technique known as Green Revolution has led to rapid increase in agricultural production. It includes the use of better seeds, fertilizers and mechanised agriculture.
5. Mechanised Agriculture. Mechanised agriculture has replaced old primitive methods. Many institutions provide help to the farmers to purchase machines and implements.
6. Crop Rotation. A system of crop rotation has been used to maintain the fertility of the soils. Different crops from the same fields are obtained to preserve the fertility of the fields.
7. Irrigation. Methods of irrigation are being extensively used to provide a regular, supply of water. With the help of irrigation the cultivation of rice has been extended to N.W. part of India. High yields are being obtained in irrigated areas.

1. Abolition of Zamindari. Zamindari and Jagirdari were abolished in 1954 and tenants became the owners of land.
2. Land-holding ceiling. Land Ceilng Act placed limit on size of land-holding by individual farmers. The limits vary from state to state.
3. Consolidation of land holdings. Small and uneconomic units were consolidated into larger viable holdings at one place. About 60 million hectares of land have been consolidated so far.
4. Credit Reforms. Earlier the peasants were exploited by the landlords and moneylenders for centuries. Funds are made available to farmers under rural development schemes, banks and through schemes of capital formation.
5. Farmers’ Rights. Protection of farmers’ rights is a World Trade Organisation linked institutional reform. India has ratified the W.T.O. agreements and farmers can now, hope to apply for patent for particular brand of crop plants, variety or even know-how just like authors protect their rights.

1. Climate. Sugarcane is a plant of hot-wet tropical region. It needs high temperatures (21°-27°C) and high annual rainfall (75-100 cms). It needs cheap labour, regular use of fertilisers, irrigation and bright sunshine.
2. Soil. It grows best on well-drained alluvial soil. It regularly needs fertilisers.
3. Areas of Production. India is the second largest producer of sugarcane in the world. India has the largest area under sugarcane in the world, but the yield is low. Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of sugarcane in India. Punjab, Haryana and Bihar are the other states producing sugarcane in Northern India. Southern India, with its hot-wet climate, has favourable conditions. As a result, higher yield is obtained there. Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telengana, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra are the other main producers of sugarcane.

1. Geographical Conditions required for Growth of Tea :
   1. Temperature. Tea requires uniformly high temperature (20°-30°C) throughout the year. Frost is harmful for the tea leaves.
   2. Rainfall. An annual rainfall of 150-300 cm is essential for the growth of tea.
   3. Soil. Tea requires a deep acidic and fertile soil.
   4. Land. Tea is grown on well-drained gentle hilly slopes and valley sides.
   5. Labour. Tea is a labour intensive crop. It requires cheap, skilled labour for picking tea-leaves.
2. Production. Tea is a commercial crop in India. India is the second largest producer and exporter of tea (32%) in the world.
3. Areas of Cultivation :
   1. Assam. Assam is the largest producer of Tea in India. Tea is grown on the valley sides of Brahmaputra and Duar region.
   2. West Bengal. Tea is grown in Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts. Darjeeling tea has a special flavour. This flavour is due to the slow growth of the tea plant, under high humidity and low temperature.
   3. Southern India. Tea is grown on the slopes of Nilgiris, Cardamom and Anamalai hills, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), Malabar coast (Kerala), Coorg region (Karnataka) and Ratnagiri (Maharashtra). These are important areas of tea production.
   4. Other areas:
      • Ranchi plateau in Jharkhand.
      • Palampur in Himachal Pradesh.
      • Kumaon and Garhwal hills in Uttarakhand.
      • Tripura region.

1. Temperature. Coffee requires uniformly high temperature (15°-28°C) throughout the year.
2. Rainfall. Coffee needs an annual rainfall of 150 to 200 cms.
3. Shady Trees. Coffee trees are planted under shady trees such as bananas.
4. Soils. Coffee needs deep, fertile soil. Lava soils and deep loams are most suitable.
5. Land. Coffee grows best on well-drained protected hilly slopes (900 and 1800 metres above sea level).

1. Coffee is grown in the districts of Chikmagaloor, Coorg, Hassan and Shimoga (Nilgiris) in the state of Karnataka.
2. Arcot, Tirunelvelli, Madurai and Coimbatore districts of Tamil Nadu grow coffee.
3. In Kerala, Cardamom hills cover the districts of Palghat and Thiruvanthapuram for growing coffee.

1. Improved Tools and Mechanisation. The animal drawn plough is now gradually being replaced by tractors with detachable parts like harrow, tiller and other parts for harvesting.
2. Transport and Communication. The technological revolution has also benefitted the agricultural sector. Farmers are now able to take their surplus farm produce to the market.
3. Irrigation Development. Under the Five-Year Plans, extension of irrigation facilities has received great emphasis. The objective is not only to create the potential but also to encourage its utilisation.
4. Special Weather Bulletins. Special weather bulletins are now being broadcasted and telecast over radio and television respectively. These bulletins have greatly benefitted the farmers in scheduling their crop production programmes.
5. Certified and Quality seeds distribution. The seeds are now standardised based on climate and soil condition which change from place-to-place and time-to-time. Some of the seeds, called High Yielding Varieties (HYV), have been included under the technology mission for distribution among farmers.

1. Agriculture contributes 13.7% of the Gross Domestic Product in 2012-13.
2. Three-fourths of the people of India survive on agriculture. Besides, 10% more are engaged in occupations connected with agriculture.
3. Agriculture provides raw material for our agro-based industries. Cotton, jute and sugarcane are the typical examples. There are some industries in India which manufacture goods needed for agriculture.
4. Nearly 51% of the total workforce is employed in agriculture.

1. Per capita income has increased due to Green Revolution. The national per capita income in the year 2013 was 39,961, but in Punjab it was 86,106 in 2013.
2. The agriculture is transformed from subsistence to commercial levels.
3. Agriculture has become machines. mechanised-ploughing, sowing and harvesting are done by machines.
4. The irrigated area has increased due to Green Revolution.
5. The production of food grains has increased four-folds during the last 50 years.
6. Cropped area has increased due to multiple cropping.

1. The standard of living of the farmers has risen due to increase in the per capita income.
2. Farmers now live in better and well-built houses. Tractor is a common asset in Punjab.
3. Literacy has risen among the farmers due to Green Revolution. Farmers adopt health facilities and scientific practices. At the village level, the school and hospitals have increased in number.
4. Recreation facilities have increased due to Green Revolution. Radio, T.V. sets, etc., are commonly used in villages.

1. Temperature. Cotton needs uniformly high summer temperature between 22°C to 32°C. It requires a warm climate with bright sunshine. Frost is harmful to the cotton plant.
2. Rainfall. Cotton needs light to moderate rainfall between 50 to 100 cms.
3. Irrigation. In arid areas, irrigation is used. It increases the yield per hectare in Punjab.
4. Soils. Cotton grows well on well-drained loamy soils or lava soils.

1. Black cotton soil region. Deccan Plateau, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh are the major cotton producing states. This is the chief cotton growing area of India.
2. Red soil region. Medium staple cotton is grown in the red soil areas including the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Telengana and Andhra Pradesh. The yield is low.
3. Alluvial soil region. Long staple cotton is grown on the alluvial soils of Northern Plains. The states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan are the important producers. Punjab has the highest yield per hectare due to warm climate, fertile soils and irrigation facilities.

1. Temperature. It requires uniformly high temperature (27°C) throughout the year.
2. Rainfall. Jute requires well distributed heavy rainfall (150 cm).
3. Soil. It is grown on floodplains and deltas. Fertilisers are also used.
4. Clean Water. Jute needs an ample supply of clean water for washing.

1. In 1980-1991 the contribution of agriculture was almost 60% of the GDP. In the next decade i.e., 1992-2001 the contribution reduced to just above 50% of the GDP. Then in the tenth five year plan (2002-07), the percentage further reduced to only 50% of the GDP.
2. On the other hand, the infrastructural progress and technological development in the industrial sector made a tremendous leap. The tertiary sector is ever growing and rapidly grabs the Indian market.
3. Indian agriculture is facing a major competition from its global competitors and could not keep the pace of progress in the sphere of research and innovations.
4. The role of Indian government has become significant cause of declination of agricultural GDP. The cutting off the subsidy in fertiliser, power and irrigation system in one hand and lowering the rate of excise duties in the imported agricultural products by the government proved detrimental to the decline of the percentage of agricultural GDP.
5. Farmers are not interested in investing for crops according to market demand that caused in the decrease of GDP. The employment in agriculture has been dropped considerably due to the withdrawal interest of the farmers.

1. Due to the excessive use of fertilizers, pesticides intensive farming etc, there is a decrease in soil fertility that resulting in lower yields in the  successive years.
2. Because of the excessive pumping to grow water crops there is a decrease of water storage in intensive aquifers.
3. There is a reduction in net sown area of food grains because of shift of cultivation of fruits etc.
4. Reduction in the agricultural area due to part of it being used for non-agricultural activities etc.
5. Increasing demographic pressure and consequent diversion of the land for nonagricultural purposes.

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