JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 5 Minerals and Energy Resources

Jammu & Kashmir State Board JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions

INTRODUCTION TO THE CHAPTER

• Almost everything we use is made from minerals. In our food, about 0.3% of our total intake of nutrients is from minerals.
• About 2,000 minerals have been identified so far. Diamond is the hardest and Talc is the softest mineral.
• Minerals are usually found in ores. Minerals are found in veins and lodes of Igneous and Sedimentary rocks.
• The distribution of mineral varies from region to region. Geographers study minerals as a part of the earth’s crust for better understanding.
• Distribution of mineral resources and the associated economic activities are of interest to geographers.
• Geologist is a person who studies the formation of minerals, their age and physical and chemical composition.
• Coal is formed under great heat and pressure. Gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt are formed as result of evaporation.
• Gold, silver, tin and platinum are found in placer deposits of alluvial deposits. Common salt, magnesium and bromine are manganese nodules found in ocean beds.
• Minerals are mined by Rat hole mining in Meghalaya.
• Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. Magnetite contains 70% of iron ore. Haematite contains 50-60% iron ore. Odisha and Jharkhand are the largest producers of haematite ore.
• Odisha is the largest producer of manganese. 10 kg of manganese is required to make one tonne of steel.
• Minerals containing no iron content is called non-ferrous minerals. Copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold are examples.
• Balaghat (Madhya Pradesh), Singhbhum (Jharkhand) and Khetri (Rajasthan) are famous for copper mines.
• Odisha is the largest bauxite producing state. Mica is found in the Chhotanagpur plateau, Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh (Jharkhand), Ajmer and Nellore (Andhra Pradesh).
• Conventional sources of energy include firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity.
• Non-conventional sources include solar, wind, tidal, geo-thermal, biogas and atomic energy.
• Lignite is a low grade brown coal found in Neyvelli (Tamil Nadu). Anthracite is the highest quality coal.
• Coal is the prime source of energy and often called the mother of Industries or black gold. It is the main fuel for producing thermal power when it is heated in absence of our coke is obtained.
• Major coal field is Jharia-Raniganj-Bokaro (Damodar Valley).
• 63% of India’s petroleum is extracted from Mumbai High. Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran and Hugrijan (Assam) are major oil fields.
• 1,700 km long Hazira-Bijaipur-Jagdishpur (HBJ) pipeline links Mumbai High with fertiliser plants.
• There are 300 thermal power plants in India. Geothermal energy is obtained from Parvati valley (Manikaran) and Puga valley (Ladakh).
• Solar energy is the most abundant cheap and inexhaustible source of energy produced from sunlight.
• Madhapar (Bhuj) is the largest solar plant in India. In remote areas of Coimbatore, two projects of 25 kw provides solar energy. The sugar island in West Bengal in completely solarised.
• Tidal energy is produced from the tides. The Gulf of Kachchh and Khambhat are ideally suited to develop electricity from the energy produced by high tides entering into the narrow creeks.
• In recent years, new research has been conducted on fuel cells to draw variety of chemicals like methanol, phospheric acid, molten carbonate and other chemicals.
• Conservation of energy resource is a must. Energy saved is energy produced.

IMPORTANT TERMS

• Alloy. Mixture of metals.
• Bagasse. Sugarcane waste.
• Coking coal. High quality coal obtained after release of gas by heating coal.
• Ferrous minerals. Minerals having iron content.
• Fossil fuels. Fuel formed due to decay of plants and animals millions of years ago.
• Geologist. A person who studies about the formation of minerals, their age and their composition.
• Gondwana. Very ancient landmass of the period during which coal deposits are said to have formed.
• Hydro-electricity. Electricity generated by running or falling water.
• Mining. Extraction of minerals from the Earth.
• Non-ferrous minerals. Minerals without iron content.
• Open pit mining. Shallow pits used for extracting minerals.
• Ore. Naturally occurring mineral in its rough state.
• Placer deposits. Alluvial deposits of sands.
• Rat hole mining. Techniques of mining used in tribal areas.
• Shaft mines. Deep mines; i.e. an underground excavation minerals like, coal, precious stones, etc.
• Thermo power or Thermoelectricity. Power/electricity generated from coal, oil and gas.
• Veins. Smaller occurrence like fault or joints, crevices, the cracks in metamorphic and igneous rocks.

Q. 1. Multiple Choice Questions 

Q. 2. Answer the Following Questions in about 30 Words:

1. Gondwana coal fields (98%). These belong to the Gondwana period (200 million years ago). Nearly 3/4th of coal deposits are found in the Damodar valley (Damuda series). Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valley also have coal deposits.
   1. West Bengal. West Bengal has the oldest coal field of India at Raniganj. It covers an area of 1,267 sq. kms. Asansol and Durgapur are steel centres of West Bengal.
   2. Jharkhand and Bihar. These two states produce 50% of coal in India. The major coalfields of Jharia, Bokaro, Karanpura and Daltonganj are found in the Damodar valley. Coking coal from this coalfield is supplied to the steel centres of Jamshedpur and Bokaro.
   3. Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. These have the Son valley coalfields of Sohagpur, Korba, Rampur, Tatapani and Singrauli.
   4. Singareni in Andhra Pradesh. Talcher in the Mahanadi valley and Chanda-Wardha coalfields of Maharashtra.
2. Tertiary coalfields (2%). This includes lignite deposits called ‘brown coal’, which is of low quality.

1. India is a tropical country. It receives bright sunshine throughout the year.
2. Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity.
3. The largest solar plant of India is at Madhapar (Bhuj). It is used to sterilise milk cans.
4. Rural households will save fire wood and dung cakes.
5. India does not have adequate resources of coal and petroleum. So we must develop solar power.

Fill in the blanks :

True/False :

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Use more of public transport system and less of individual vehicles.
2. Switch off electricity whenever not required.
3. Use power saving devices.
4. Check the power equipments regularly.
5. General use of non-conventional sources of energy be encouraged.

1. deposition
2. accumulation
3. concentration.

1. The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas.
2. Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortage in the future has raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in the future. It has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.
3. Increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems.

1. It is used as fuel for heating and lighting.
2. It is also used as lubricants for machinery and raw material for a number of manufacturing industries.
3. Petro-refineries act as ‘Nodal industries’ for fertilisers, textile and chemical industries.

1. Switch off electricity, whenever not required.
2. Check the power equipments regularly.
3. Use more and more public transport system and less of individual vehicles.

1. India lies in the tropical region and receives abundant sunshine throughout the year, with longer daylight in summers.
2. Solar energy is a non-pollutant and a renewable source of energy.
3. Fossil fuel-based energy resources are fast depleting. ASE (Alternative Sources of Energy) like solar energy has a promising future.

1. 3It is used as a power resource in many industries.
2. It is used for generating thermal electricity in thermal power plants.
3. Many industries use coal as a raw-material.

1. Coal and Petroleum are examples of conventional sources of energy.
2. Solar and wind energy are examples of non-conventional sources of energy.

1. Minerals can be conserved by encouraging recycling.
2. By minimising their use.
3. They can also be conserved by developing bio-degradable synthetic substitutes.
4. Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low costs.

1. It is used in manufacturing alloys and electric wires.
2. It is also used in making utensils.

1. Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry, and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industries generate huge quantities of dust in the atmosphere.
2. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil.
3. Industrial effluents as wastes, have become a major source of land and water pollution. Mining has caused severe land degradation in the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.

1. Efficiency of mining. The world has yet to evolve a suitble and efficient technology termed as ‘technology of beneficiation to the suit the present day environmental conditions and avoid wastes.
2. Synthetic substitutes. Scarce minerals can be conserved by developing bio-degradable synthetic substitutes. For example, many substitutes have been developed to replace copper, which is very scarce in India.
3. Recycling. Like in the case of paper and scrap iron, new technologies have to be develope to recover the respective minerals form the used articles.
4. No exports. India, at present, exports many minerals in sizeable quantities. Instad of exporting these minerals, it should import finished goods to earn value-added foreign exchange.

1. Peninsular plateau contains most of the resources of coal, metallic and non-minerals.
2. Western and Eastern plains of the peninsula have petroleum deposits in Assam and Gujarat.
3. The northern plains are devoid of minerals. These variations are due to differences in the geological structure, process and time involved in the formation of minerals.

1. Solar energy is the most abundant and inexhaustible source of energy.
2. It is the cheapest source of energy and has a huge potential.
3. It is the energy of the future when coal and oil will be totally exhausted.
4. It has been used for a variety of purposes like solar cookers for cooking food, for water heating, space heating and crop drying. (Any three)

1. The dust and noxius fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.
2. The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coal mines are a constant threat to miners.
3. The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining.
4. Dumping of the overburden, waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil, and increase in stream and river pollution.
5. Stricter safety regulations and implementation of environmental laws are essential to prevent this “robber industry” from becoming “killer industry”.

Long Answer Type Questions.

1. The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to various pulmonary diseases.
2. The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coal mines are a constant threat to the miners.
3. The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining.
4. Dumping of the overburden, waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil, and increase in stream and river pollution.
5. Stricter safety regulations and implementation of environmental laws are essential to prevent the ‘robber industry’ from becoming ‘killer industry’.

1. Jharkhand. Palamu, Lohardagga and Ranchi districts.
2. Gujarat. Bhavnagar and Kaira.
3. Chhattisgarh. Surguja, Bilaspur and Raigarh.
4. Other areas. Kolhapur (Maharashtra), Belgaum (Karnataka), Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu), Goa and Koraput (Odisha) (Panch Pat Mali mines).

1. Jharkhand, Singhbhum district (Mosabani, Rakha, Dhobani mines).
2. Madhya Pradesh, Balaghat.
3. Rajasthan, Jhunjhunu (Khetri area) and Koh Dariba in Alwar.
4. Other areas: Khamman (Andhra Pradesh), Hassan and Chitradurga (Karnataka), Sikkim, Kulu (Himachal Pradesh).

1. Peat. It has low carbon, high moisture content and low heating power. It has less than 40% carbon content.
2. Lignite. It is a low grade, brown coal. It is soft with high moisture content. In India, the main lignite reserves are in Neyvelli (Tamil Nadu) and are used for the generation of electricity.
3. Bituminous coal. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. It is used for smelting iron in blast furnaces. It has 60% carbon content.
4. Anthracite coal. It is the highest quality hard coal with a carbon content of 90%.

1. The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas.
2. Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortage in future has raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future. It has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.
3. Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuel also causes serious environmental problems. Hence, there is a pressing need to use non-conventional energy resources like the solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material. India is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water, wind and biomass. It has the largest programmes for the development of these renewable energy resources.

1. Assam. In Assam, oil is produced in Digboi, Moran, Naharkatiya and Sibsagar regions.
2. Gujarat. In Gujarat, oil is produced in Gulf of Khambat region at Kalol, Ankleshwar, Lunej and Alabiet island, etc.
3. Maharashtra. Oil has struck in the off-shore region at Mumbai High along the coast of Mumbai. It is the leading producer of crude oil in India. North Basin and South Basin are the important oil fields. The production of oil in India is increasing everywhere, under the organisation of Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC). The production of oil in India rose from 26 lakh tonnes in 1951 to 182 lakh tonnes in 1982-83. It is estimated to be about 325 lakh tonnes in 2009-10. About 63% of this is produced from Mumbai High, 18% from Gujarat and 16% from Assam.

1. Odisha-Jharkhand Belt :
   • Jharkhand. Noamandi and Gua mines in Singhbhum district.
   • Odisha. Badam Pahar mines in Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj and Bonai districts.
2. Durg-Bastar Chandrapur belt. Chhattisgarh: Dhali-Rajhara hills (Durg), Bailadila (Bastar) and Dantewara districts.
3. Bellary-Chikmagalur belt. Karnataka, Chikmagalur and Bellary.
4. Goa. North Goa district and Ratnagiri in Maharashtra.
5. Tamil Nadu. Salem and Madurai.
6. Baba Booda Hills and Kudremukh in Karnataka, Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh, Lohara and Popalgaon (Ratangiri and Chanda) in Maharasthra, Salem and Tiruchirapalli in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

1. Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh produces 55% manganese of India from Balaghat, Chindwara and Jabalpur districts.
2. Nagpur and Bhandara districts (Maharashtra).
3. Odisha has mines in Gangapur, Kalahandi and Koraput, Bonai and Mayurbhanj regions.
4. Karnataka has Chitardurg-Shimoga region. Chikmagalur, Belgaum and Dharwar districts.
5. Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Singhbhum in Jharkhand, Udaipur in Rajasthan.

1. Bihar and Jharkhand. Gaya and Hazaribagh are districts from the mica belt of India. It covers an area 96 km long and 22 km wide. Bengal ruby mica of high quality is produced here. Giridih and Kodarma are the main mines producing about 60% mica of India.
2. Andhra Pradesh. Green mica is produced in the Nellore region at Atmapur and Gudur mines.
3. Udaipur, Jaipur, Ajmer and Bhilwara region in Rajasthan.
4. Salem and Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu.
5. Bastar in Chhattisgarh, Hassan in Karnataka, Koraput and Ganiam districts in Odisha.

1. Wind energy. It can be used for pumping water. It is used for irrigating farms in the countryside. Also, it can be used for generating electricity. It is estimated that wind alone can provide 2,000 MW of electricity. The states of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Odisha are better placed in regards to this energy.
2. Tidal energy. Tidal energy is produced by high tides. The Gulf of Kachchh and Khambat are ideally suited to develop electricity from the energy produced by high tides entering to narrow creeks. A 900 MW tidal energy plant is in the Gulf of Kuchchh.
3. Geo-thermal energy. India is not rich in this source. However, efforts are made to utilise natural energy of the hot springs at Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh and the Puga Valley (Ladakh).
4. Biogas based power plants. Biogas, farm wastes and rice husk are being used to produce electricity. Biogas plants using cattle dung are known as (Gobar Gas Plants) in rural India. These provide energy and improved manure to the farmers.
5. Solar Energy. It is the most abundant, cheapest and inexhaustible sources of energy produced from sunlight. Solar power is being used for cooking, water heating, water desalination, space heating and crop drying. Solar energy is going to be the energy of the future. Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapar in Bhuj, where solar energy is used to sterilise milk.

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