JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 4 Gender, Religion and Cast

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 4 Gender, Religion and Cast

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 4 Gender, Religion and Cast

Jammu & Kashmir State Board JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions

INTRODUCTION TO THE CHAPTER

• In any democratic system, people can politically express their views and many a times it becomes necessary to express its views.
• Gender and politics both are closely related. Women’s participation is very much necessary in politics but it is very less in case of our country.
• Division of labour on the basis of gender is very common in the world and it is coming on from the ages that women used to do household works and males are used to do work out of the house.
• Many feminist movements were started which had raised their voice in favour of  more participation of women in all spheres of life.
• Women had to face many discriminations in our country like less education, less pay for equal work, wish to have son which leads to abortion of girl child.
• Women’s participation in politics of our country is very less. All the times not more than 10% women are elected in Parliament and this rate decreases to 5% in case of state legislative assemblies.
• Women have legal reservation in local self bodies i.e. panchayats and municipalities. 33% of the total seats of local self bodies are being reserved for women.
• Religious diversity is fairly widespread in the world today. For example India has a number of religions. Some of these religions were started in India and some were started out of India.
• Communal politics is very common in countries like India where a number of religious groups are there. Leaders try to take advantage of religious diversity and creates tension among different religions which leads to communal riots.
• Communalism takes many forms in India like religious prejudices, majoritarian dominance, political mobilization on religious lines, communal violence, etc.
• Our constitution has given a status of Secular State to our country because our country has many religions and dominance of one religion can lead to communal violence.
• Caste, in our country, plays a very important role in politics. India is a society which is divided on the basis of caste and people are very much influenced by caste system. So politicians try to take advantage of this situation.
• Politics also influences caste system and caste identities by bringing them into the I political area.
• I Our political leaders always try to promote any particular caste to increase their vote bank based on caste.

IMPORTANT TERMS

• Caste Hierarchy. Ladder of castes which is based on status of higher and lower castes.
• Occupational Mobility. Moving of a person from one place of another for occupation or changing occupation.
• Urbanization. Moving of humans from villages to cities due to a number of factors including economy, occupation, etc.
• Family Laws. Laws made to deal with family matters like inheritance, marriage, adoption, etc.
• Religious Diversity. Country where a number of religions exist have religious diversity.
• Sexual Division of Labour. Division of different works on the basis of sex or a system in which all the homely functions are done by women of the family through the domestic helpers.
• Feminist. A male or female who believe that equal opportunities and rights should be given to men and women.
• Patriarchy. Patriarchy is the rule of father or domination of males or it is a system whose head is the father or eldest male of the family.

1. Less education. Females are given less education as compared to males. Literacy rate of India is 73% out of which 81% males are educated and 65% females are educated. Very few females are going for higher studies. School results of girls are better than boys but their parents usually drop out their girls because they like to spend their money on boy’s education. That is why girls are discriminated on the grounds of education.
2. Less pay for same work. Highly paid women are very less in our society as compared to males. Even if she does more work in offices than males, she is given less wages than males because her work is not given much importance.
3. Wish to have male child. In most parts of the country, people like to have a male child than female child because they think that son is necessary to bring next generation in the world. That is why they prefer to abort girl-child. This is the reason why sex ratio in India is declining. So this is another reason of discrimination against women.
4. Exploitation of women. Women in India are exploited a lot. A number of crimes cause harrassment to women. Dowry deaths, rape, abusing, beating, conjugal violence, etc. are examples of crimes against women.

1. The most common form of communalism is our day to day beliefs or religious ideas of people of daily life. These daily ideas include the belief of superiority of one religion as compared to another religion, religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities. These beliefs are very common that we are unable to recognize it because we use them in our day to day life.
2. If any person is of communal mind or views then it can lead to quest for political dominance of his religion over the others. If that person belongs to majority of that nation then he can take the form of majoritarian dominance. Then a desire to form a separate political unit also comes in the minority community of that nation.
3. Another most frequent form of communalism is the political mobilization on religious lines. For this, religious leaders can use their speech, emotional appeal, sacred symbol to unite followers of one religion in the political field. In elections we can often see religious leaders give order to their followers to cast their votes in favour of any political party.
4. The most ugly form of communalism is riots, communal violence between the followers of different religions. Riots between Hindus and Muslims is one of its examples. At the time of partition, both India and Pakistan had suffered a lot due to this type of communalism. Even after Independence this has happened in many parts of country like U.P., Maharashtra, Gujarat, etc.

1. Endogamy. The meaning of Endogamy is to marry within one’s own caste or group and not to marry out of its caste or group. Even in modern age people never like to do intercaste marriages, even it is legally sanctioned, and they don’t like to marry out of their caste. They think that their caste is superior to the other and that’s why they look at the other caste with hatredness. In this way endogamy proved to be a factor of inequality based on caste.
2. Untouchability. Untouchability is a concept in which people of lower caste cannot touch people of higher caste. If they do then they were given severe punishment. Yet constitutional provision has stopped the practice of untouchability but still this has not been ended completely.
3. Education. During the period of dominance of caste system lower caste groups had no access to education and even today they don’t have access to education or they are prohibited from acquiring it because of which they have naturally lagged behind.
4. Occupation. People of lower caste still are given their hereditary occupation of cleaning and are not allowed to adopt any other occupation which shows us inequality on the basis of caste. In this way we can say that caste inequalities still persist in India.

1. These days people are getting education after which they come to know that who is doing false promises and who is doing actual work for them. These days people like to give their vote to that candidate who likes to do developmental work instead of false promises. So the issue of development also affects the election results.
2. Popularity of any particular leader also affects the result of election. If any particular leader is popular enough then he can win elections very easily, but if he is not popular then he could loose elections irrespective of his belongingness to major caste.
3. These days people belong to different political parties instead of caste. They like to give vote to their political party instead of caste.

1. India ehas not been given any official religion of its own. Many countries like Pakistan, Srilanka, England, etc. have their official religion but there is no official religion for the Indian State.
2. All the citizens of the country are given the right to profess any religion. Citizens can profess, propagate and practise any religion of their wish.
3. Constitution says that government shall not discriminate with any citizen on the basis of his religion. That’s why the most key positions of country, President and Prime Minister, are held by the people who belong to minority religions.

Fill in the blanks

True or False

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Encouraging casteism or caste consciousness is a great obstacle in the way of secularism and in developing secular society.
2. Casteism weakens the national unity because it arose caste consciousness among different castes.

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Political leaders use religion to win over maximum number of votes and it can lead to social division of society on religious lines.
2. In communalism, demands of one religion are totally opposite to demands of other religion which create tension and distrust among followers of different religions.
3. Communalism says that one particular religion is superior to other and it can lead to communal tension.

1. Caste leaders contests the elections and try to win over the loyalty of their caste members to win over the elections.
2. Different castes come closer to each other to make a pool so that they can demand more facilities for them from the political leaders.
3. Many a times caste leaders propagate against other castes which often leads to caste conflicts.

1. It states that followers of different religions cannot belong to same community.
2. It states that followers of one religion belongs to same community and their fundamental interests are same.
3. It also states that followers of different religions have nothing common in them. Their interests are definitely different.

1. Casteism is actually against the basic principles of democracy i.e. liberty, equality and fraternity.
2. Casteism gives encouragement to vote bank politics and because of which economic based issues are pushed back by the leaders of different castes.
3. Casteism encourages interests of castes and is against national unity.
4. Casteism favours interests of one particular caste because of which interests of other castes are overlooked.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Social reform movements. Many social reform movements were started in 19th century like Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, etc. and they always preached against the caste system. Leaders of these reform movements were Swami Dayanand, Swami Vivekanand, Jyotiba Phoole, Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar, Mahatma Gandhi, etc. who denounced the caste system which led to decline of importance of caste system.
2. Modern education. In earlier times religious education was given and it was confined only to higher three castes. But with the advent of modern education, religious education came to an end. Every one started to get education which led to the end of discrimination. Now people came to know about their rights and importance of caste system was declined.
3. Advent of many new occupations. Giving occupation to the child is one of the main features of caste system. But due to industrialization and modernization new occupations came into being. People started to adopt new occupations which has led to decline of this feature of caste system.
4. Means of transport and communication. With the advent of means of transport and communication people started to move from one place to another in search of work and in new society they are working with people of other castes. It leads to decline of another feature of keeping relations with one’s own caste.

1. Generally at the time of elections, political parties used to select the candidate for elections which belongs to major caste of any particular area. It is necessary for them because if they’ll choose candidates from major caste then they have the fair chance to win over the elections. Even after elections when they are able to make the government they used to give enough representation to leaders of different castes in cabinet so that those leaders and their loyals should remain loyal forever to them.
2. Generally political parties and their candidates like to make a formal appeal to their caste members to give vote to them. In this way they provoke the caste sentiments to get their support. Even some political parties favour any particular caste and give enough representation to that particular caste.
3. In modern democracies there is a system of universal adult franchise which means that every adult person can give only one vote in election. Due to this rule or obligation political leaders are forced to mobilise their political ranks so that they can get their support. With this a consciousness has come among the people that they were hitherto treated as inferior and lower.

1. Every caste group tries to increase its strength by corporating with its neighbouring castes or sub-castes which were broken away from it in earlier times.
2. Different caste groups try to enter into coalition with other caste and try to negotiate with them to strengthen their base.
3. Certain new types of caste groups are coming forward in political arena like backward and forward caste groups.

1. Many political parties came forward in our country to protect interests of backward classes. They are given even ministries to gain their support so that the particular caste should remain loyal to them.
2. Certain pressure groups are there in the country which are related to particular castes. They pressurize the government to meet their demands. They play a dominant role in distribution of tickets of political parties and in winning elections. Even they campaign in favour of candidates of their caste.
3. Lower castes or scheduled castes are given reservation in educational institutions and in government jobs. Even political parties tries to award them reservation so that they can win over their loyalty.

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