JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 6 Manufacturing Industries

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 6 Manufacturing Industries

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 6 Manufacturing Industries

Jammu & Kashmir State Board JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions

INTRODUCTION TO THE CHAPTER

• In the process of manufacturing goods, primary products are made more useful, i.e., value is added.
• Value addition is thus the chief characteristic of secondary activity. It is this value addition that not only changes the form and utility of goods but also increases national wealth.
• Agriculture is the backbone of an economy. It not only feeds a nation but also provide raw materials to the manufacturing sector. The development of the manufacturing sector is considered the basis of economic development.
• Manufacturing is the process of transforming raw materials into valuable products. The economic strength of a nation can be measured by the development of manufacturing industries.
• In order to benefit the liberation process, the New Industrial Policy (1991) was proposed to make industrial licensing more flexible, to remove many unnecessary controls, as well as to enforce a greater degree of responsibility on the private sector.
• The distribution of industries within a geographical region is known as spatial distribution, and greatly influences both the quality and price of the product.
• Manufactured goods are more useful and valuable then the raw materials. The location of manufacturing industries depends on two main factors-physical and socio-economic.
• The physical factors affecting the location of an industry are availability and nearness to the source of raw material, power resources and climate is essential for certain industries.
• Industrial location is directly related to urbanisation. Industries are influenced by availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market.
• Industries can be broadly divided into five types on the basis of labour size, their role, ownership, raw material used and source of raw material.
• On the basis of source of raw material used, industries can be classified as Agrobased industries and mineral based industries.
• Basic industries or key industries are those industries which supply raw materials for manufactures of other goods.
• Consumer industries are those industries which produce goods for the direct use of consumers.
• Large industries are those industries which employ a large labour force and invest a large amount of capital in plant and machinery.
• Heavy industries are those industries which use raw materials in bulk. Light industries are those industries which use light raw materials and also produce light finished goods.
• On the basis of ownership. Industries are classified as private sector industries, public sector industries, joint sector industries and co-operative sector industries.
• Textile industry in India is the oldest and occupies a unique position in the Indian economy.
• The first cotton textile mill was set up at Fort Gloster, Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1818.
• The first cotton mill, combining spinning, weaving and finishing, was established in 1854 in Bombay (now Mumbai).
• The first fertiliser plant was set up in India in 1906 at Ranipet (Tamil Nadu) and the first cement factory was set up at Madras (now Chennai) in 1904.
• India ranks 3rd in the world in steel production.
• Bengaluru is the electronic capital of India.
• Apart from contributing significantly to industrial and economic growth, industries also causes land, water, air and noise pollution, which results in the degradation of the environment.

IMPORTANT TERMS

• Agro-based Industries. Industries which use raw materials obtained from agriculture.
• Basic Industries. Industries which promote other industries, for example, iron and steel or chemicals like sulphuric acid are required by other industries.
• Industry. Production of goods from raw materials. The production activities generate profits and involve producing a particular commodity.
• Integrated Steel Plants. A large steel plant which handles everything under one roof, from sorting out raw materials to processing and steel making. In an integrated steel plant everything is done in a chain.
• Manufacturing. The process of converting raw materials into useful goods.
• Smelting. The process by which mineral is melted to remove impurities.
• Sponge Iron. Porous iron reduced from an oxide at a temperature below the melting point.
• Steel. It is pure metal and is also alloyed with carbon and other elements to make various grades of steel.
• Synthetic Fibres. Fibres made from wood, coal and petroleum through chemical processes.
• Wrought Iron. It is obtained from pig iron. Heating is done with ferric oxide.

Q. 1. Multiple Choice Questions 

Q. 2. Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.

Q. 3. Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words.

• Optimise equipment utilisation and upgrade the existing facilities.
• Minimising waste generation and maximising the use of wastes, like ash from power plants by supplying the same to the bricklaying industries free of cost. It has also adopted some innovative techniques and passed on the technology to small bricklayers.
• To reduce pollution of all types, techniques such as-waste management, recycling of resources, etc., are being adopted on a regular basis.
• It has also embarked on public awareness measures, to prevent industries from degrading the environment.

Fill in the blanks :

True/False :

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Short Answer Type Questions

1. There is a shortage of long staple cotton. So long staple cotton is imported.
2. Most of the cotton mills are not of economic size.
3. Most of the machinery in mills is old, obsolete and inefficient.
4. Productivity is low and cost of production is high.
5. India has lost many foreign markets due to strong competition.

1. Availability of iron ore from Singhbhum region.
2. Coking coal from Jharia and Raniganj.
3. Limestone, Manganese and Quartz are available nearby.
4. Damodar, Subarnrekha, Kharkai rivers provide water and sand.
5. Cheap labour from densely populated state of Bihar and West Bengal.
6. Facilities of ch transport and port of Kolkata.
7. Water power is available from D.V.C.

1. The yield per hectare of sugarcane is high in the southern and western Indian states.
2. The sucrose content of the sugarcane is very high, as compared to the north Indian states.
3. Climatic conditions are suitable for the growth of sugarcane in the southern and western parts of India.
4. The cooperative movement is very active in these states, which is helping to install new sugar mills in these area.

1. It contributes nearly 14% in the industrial production.
2. It provides employment to nearly 35 million people.
3. Export of textile goods earns valuable foreign exchange. It contributes 4% toward GDP.

1. It provides employment to a large number by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
2. It helps in the export of goods and brings in valuable foreign exchange.
3. It helps in making a country prosperous as the industries transform raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods.

1. Manufacturing sector provides machines, tools and even fertilisers for undertaking any agricultural activity. Automation and mechanisation reduces the drudgery of doing everything manually and boosts output.
2. Mechanisation enhances the income of the farmers and provides employment to the skilled and unskilled workers.
3. Industrial development is also a prerequisite for the removal of unemployment and poverty from our country. In the absence of industries, agriculture by itself cannot absorb the huge work force.

1. Air pollution is caused by the emission of gases from the industrial complexes and power generation units. Air pollution adversely affects all life forms and endangers the health of humans, animals, plants and fish. It also affects buildings and our environment as a whole. Toxic gases released from the industries also cause air pollution and many other diseases.
2. Water pollution is caused by the flow of organic and inorganic industrial wastes on land, rivers and lakes. The major culprits are the paper, pulp, chemical, textile, dyeing, tanning, refining and electroplating industries. Many hazardous hospital wastes are also allowed to flow into the water bodies. The water is thus, contaminated with dangerous chemicals like lead and mercury. Pesticides, fertilisers, solid wastes such as fly ash, phosphorus, gypsum and iron slag also contaminate the water.

1. Iron and steel industry is the basis of modern industrialisation. Iron and steel industry supplies the basic raw material for a large number of assembly industries such as, engineering, automobiles, locomotive, shipbuilding, machine tools, etc.
2. It is the foundation of modern machines, tools and transportation. It has great strength, toughness and a low cost of production.
3. Therefore, iron and steel industry is known as the basic industry or key industry. It lays the foundation of industrial development in this age of steel.

1. It provides employment to a large number of people just as in cotton textile and steel industry.
2. It helps in the export of goods and earns a valuable foreign exchange.
3. It also makes a country economically sound.

1. High costs and limited availability of coking coal
2. Lower productivity of labour
3. Irregular supply of energy
4. Poor infrastructure (any three).

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Nearness to sources of raw material. Large quantities of raw materials are needed for industries. Therefore, industries are located near the sources of raw materials. It saves the cost of transportation. Steel centres are developed where coal and iron are easily available. Jute mills in West Bengal and Cotton Textile mills in Maharashtra are located due to the availability of the raw materials.
2. Power resources. Coal, oil and water-power are the main sources of power. Most of the industries are located around coalfields. Aluminium industries and Paper industry are located near hydro-electric stations.
3. Means of Transportation. Modern industries need cheap, developed and quick means of transportation. Cheap means of transportation are required for the movement of workers, raw materials and machinery to the factories.
4. Climate. Stimulating climate increases the efficiency of the labourers. Cotton textile industry requires humid climate. Film industry needs good weather with clear blue skies. Aircraft industry needs clear weather.
5. Skilled labour. Cheap and skilled labour is essential for the location of the industries. Glass industry at Firozabad, sports goods industry in Jalandhar are located due to the availability of skilled labour.

1. Damodar Valley. This region has TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) steel plant at Jamshedpur and IISCO (Indian Iron and Steel Company) steel plant at Kulti-Burnpur. Chhota Nagpur plateau (including West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and M.P.) is the natural core of this industry.
2. Viswesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited. This steel plant is located at Bhadravati (Karnataka). It was started in 1923. It produces alloy and special steel. Iron ore is obtained from Babaudan Hills, charcoal from Kadur forests; water power from Jog falls; limestone from Bhandigudda mines.
3. Steel Centres in Public Sector. Four steel plants have been developed in the public sector under HSL (Hindustan Steel Limited) with the Collaboration of some foreign countries.
   • Bhilai (Chhattisgarh) With the help of Russia.
   • Rourkela (Orissa) By German firm Kruppe-Demag.
   • Durgapur (W. Bengal) With British aid.
   • Bokaro (Jharkhand) With the help of Russia.
4. New Steel Plants. The government has set up new steel plants at :
   • Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh),
   • Salem (Tamil Nadu),
   • Vijaynagar (near Hospet, Karnataka).

1. Maharashtra. Mumbai is the oldest centre of cotton textile industry in India. Mumbai is known as ‘Cotton polis of India’. Nagpur, Pune, Sholapur, Amravati are other centres.
2. Gujarat. Ahmedabad is the largest producer of cotton textiles in India. It is known as the “Manchester of India”. Ahmedabad is situaged in the heart of cotton growing area. Cheap land is also available.
3. Tamil Nadu. The development of hydro-electricity in the south and cultivation of long staple cotton led to the location of this industry in Southern India. Madurai, Coimbatore, Salem and Chennai are main centres.
4. West Bengal. Most of the mills are located at Kolkata in the Hooghly basin.
5. Uttar Pradesh. Kanpur is the main centre and is called the “Manchester of Northern India”.
6. The dispersal of this industry has led to the growth of the new centres like Bhopal, Gwalior, Bangalore, Phagwara, Bhiwani, Delhi and Kota.

1. (i) Cotton textiles is the oldest and the biggest industry in India.
2. About 64 million workers are engaged in this industry.
3. It has the largest amount of capital (₹ 1300 crores) invested.
4. It earns about a sum of ₹ 2000 crores as foreign exchange by export of manufactured goods.
5. Many industries such as dyes, chemicals depend on cotton products.

1. Products. Electronic industry covers a wide range of products, ranging from transistor sets to television sets. It also produces telephone exchanges, cellular telecoms, pagers, computers and various other equipments used in post and telegraph offices. This industry also looks after the needs of defence equipments, railways, airways space flights and meterological departments.
2. Importance. These industries have revolutionised the life of the masses and changed the country’s economy and the quality to human life. Television industry grew as a hardware in the nineties. Besides hardware, the country has earned high reputation in the development of software. It is fast growing sector of Indian economy. The production of audio system registered a phenomenal growth in recent years. The Indian electronic industry is contributing a lot to the space technology as well.
3. Centres. Bangalore has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other major electronic goods producing centres are Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Kanpur, Pune, Lucknow and Coimbatore. Software Technology Parks have been developed at 18 centres in the country.
4. Production. These centres provide single window service and high data communication facility to the software experts. India produces electronic goods worth of ` 68,450 crore. Contribution of electronic goods to the total export trade of Indian is 2.4 per cent.

1. Water resources can be conserved in a number of ways, depending on uses of water. The industrial water waste can be treated at the source, in any one of the three scientific ways and can be reused. The three scientific ways of treatment are:
   1. Primary. The primary treatment aims at the physical removal of floatable and sedimentary wastes. It passes through many stages of filtration before being reused.
   2. Secondary. The secondary treatment involves the biological processes of removal of dissolved salts and other solids.
   3. Tertiary. The tertiary treatment focuses on the removal of excess nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients through biological, chemical and physical processes and may also involve recycling.
      In all the above methods, sludge produced can also be treated and used in agriculture for plant growth.
2. Rainwater harvesting and conservation of ground water resources to meet water scarcity.
3. For mineral conservation, some important steps including raising efficiency in mining and recycling can be taken.
4. Clear air is also essential for plant and animal life and we need to adhere to certain norms and acts.
5. Steps can also be taken to reduce smoke released by vehicles and industries. 1

1. There is a shortage of long staple cotton, therefore it is imported.
2. Most of the cotton mills are not of economic size.
3. Most of the machinery in mills is old, obsolete and inefficient.
4. Productivity is low and the cost of production is high.
5. India has lost many foreign markets due to strong competition.

1. Area under the long staple cotton should be increased.
2. The old machines should be replaced by automatic looms.
3. Sick mills should be abandoned.
4. Efficient labour should be employed.

1. There is a shortage of good quality raw jute.
2. There is a strong competition from other countries in the international markets.
3. The use of substitutes like paper, cloth and synthetic material is increasing. It has led to the decline in the demand of jute goods.
4. The machinery is old and obsolete; therefore the cost of production is high.
5. Sales promotion of jute carpets and packing material has not been done properly.

1. Uttar Pradesh, with fertile soils, is the largest producer of sugarcane in India. So, sugarcane is easily available.
2. Cheap labour is available from densely populated areas.
3. There is a large market due to local demand.
4. Coal is available from Jharia (Jharkhand).
5. Cheap transport is available.
6. Electricity is easily available to run the mills.

1. Early start.
2. Warm and humid climate.
3. Nearness to the cotton producing areas of Maharashtra.
4. Easy import of machinery, chemicals and long staple cotton from the port of Mumbai.
5. Cheap skilled labour.
6. Water power from Tata Hydro Electric Works.
7. Large ready market.
8. Facilities of trade, banking and transport.

1. Raw jute is available from West Bengal (about 70% of India’s jute production).
2. Coal is available from the nearby Raniganj coal fields.
3. Clear soft water is available, for washing jute, from Hooghly and other rivers.
4. Cheap skilled labour is available from the densely populated adjoining states.
5. Easy water transport is available through rivers and canals.
6. Warm humid climate is favourable.
7. Early start.
8. Facilities of import and export through the Kolkata port.

1. India is the largest producer of sugar in the world.
2. It is the second largest industry of India with the capital of ₹1,000 crore.
3. About 3 lakh workers are engaged in this industry.
4. About two crore farmers depend upon this industry.
5. India exports about 5 lakh tonnes of sugar every year.
6. Many industries, such as, alcohol, paper, wax, fertilisers, cattle-feed are based on its by-products.

1. Availability of sugarcane in Northern India
2. Cheap and skilled labour
3. Large demand
4. Availability of coal
5. Cheap transport.

1. Uttar Pradesh. Saharanapur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Gorakhpur, Sitapur and Bareilly.
2. Bihar. Champaran and Patna.
3. Maharashtra. Ahmednagar and Sholapur.
4. Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad.
5. Punjab. Amritsar, Bhogpur, Phagwara, Batala and Saheed Bhagat Singh Nagar (Nawanshahar).
6. Ratlam (Madhya Pradesh), Rohtak (Haryana) and Madurai (Tamil Nadu).

1. Yield of sugarcane is low.
2. Sugar content is low.
3. It is a seasonal industry.
4. There is absence of industries consuming the by-products of sugarcane.
5. Cost of sugar is high.

1. Optimise equipment utilisation and upgrade the existing facilities.
2. Minimising waste generation and maximising the use of wastes, like ash from power plants by supplying the same to the bricklaying industries free of cost.
3. It has also adopted some innovative techniques and passed on the technology to small bricklayers.
4. To reduce pollution of all types, techniques such as-waste management, recycling of resources, etc., are being adopted on a regular basis.
5. It has also embarked on public awareness measures, to prevent industries from degrading the environment.

MAP SKILLS

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