JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 5 Print Culture and Modern World

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 5 Print Culture and Modern World

JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions chapter – 5 Print Culture and Modern World

Jammu & Kashmir State Board JKBOSE 10th Class Social Science Solutions

INTRODUCTION TO THE CHAPTER

• Print culture has a long history. It changed our social lives and cultures.
• Print came into existence in East Asia and then expanded to Europe and India.
• The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand-printing.
• Western printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported in the late nineteenth century as western powers established their outposts in China.
• Hand-printing technology was introduced in Japan by Buddhist missionaries from China.
• With the growing demand for books, woodblock printing gradually became more and more popular by the early fifteenth century. Woodblocks were being widely used in Europe.
• With a great need for quicker and cheaper reproduction of texts, the invention of a new print technology was felt. It resulted in the making of the printing press.
• Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas and introduced a new world of debate and discussion.
• Through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries literacy rates went up in most parts of Europe. As a result, new forms of popular literature appeared in print.
• The periodical press developed from the early eighteenth century. It combined | information about current affairs with entertainment.
• Mass literacy made a great development in Europe in the nineteenth century. It brought in large numbers of new readers among children, women and workers.
• Through the nineteenth century, there were series of further innovations in printing technology. The power-driven cylindrical press was perfected. The offset press was developed and electrically operated press was introduced, and so on.
• India had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian and in various vernacular languages. The printing press first came to India with the Portuguese missionaries in Goa in the mid-sixteenth century. James Augustus Hickey began English printing in India.

• Calligraphy. The art of beautiful and stylised writing.
• Vellum. A parchment made from the skin of animals.
• Platen. In letter press printing, platen is a board which is pressed on to the back of the paper to get the impression from the type. At one time it used to be a wooden board; later it was made of steel.
• Ballad. A historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or recited.
• Taverns. Places where people gathered to drink alcohol, to be served food, and to meet friends and exchange news.
• Compositor. The person who composes the text for printing.
• Galley. Metal frame in which types are laid and the text composed.

Write in brief :

1. Martin Luther was a great religious reformer of Germany. He was deeply grateful to print. He considered the print as the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one. It was through it that people could be persuaded to think differently and move to action.
2. In 1517, Martin Luther wrote ninety-five theses. In these theses, he criticised many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. A printed copy of this was pasted on a Church door in Wittenberg.
3. It challenged the Church to debate his ideas. Luther’s writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely.
4. This led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. In this way print brought about a new intellectual atmosphere and helped spread the new ideas. That is why Martin Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it.

1. Gandhiji launched the Non-cooperation Movement in 1921. The British Government took all repressive measures to crush this movement. It put a ban on Indians’ liberty of speech, liberty of the press and freedom of association. Gandhiji considered these three liberties as the three prerequisites for Swaraj. No nation could survive in the absence of these liberties.
2. The fight for Swaraj was, in fact, a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom of association. During the Non-cooperation Movement in 1922, he said, ‘Liberty of speech….. liberty of the press….. freedom of association. The Government of India is now seeking to crush the three powerful vehicles of expressing and cultivating public opinion. The fight for Swaraj, for Khilafat .. means a fight for this threatened freedom before all else …..’

1. The Gutenberg press was the first printing press in the world. It was set up by Gutenberg in Germany in 1448. Before the invention of this press, books were written by hand and they were very costly. So the poor people could not afford to buy them. But the Gutenberg press made books within the reach of all people.
2. The Gutenberg press had a long handle attached to the screw. This handle was used to turn the screw and press down the platen over the printing block that was placed on top of a sheet of damp paper. Gutenberg developed metal types for each of the 26 characters of the Roman alphabet and devised a way of moving them around so as to compose different words of the text.
3. This came to be known as the moveable type printing machine, and it remained the basic print technology over the next 300 years. Books could now be produced much faster than was possible when each print block was prepared by carving a piece of wood by hand. The Gutenberg press could print 250 sheets on one side per hour.
4. The first book Gutenberg printed was the Bible. About 180 copies were printed and it took three years to produce them. By the standards of the time, this was fast production.

1. Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a Catholic reformer. He criticised the excesses of Catholicism but kept his distance from Martin Luther. Unlike Martin Luther, he expressed a deep anxiety about the printed books.
2. He was apprehensive of the effects that the easier access to the printed work and the wider circulation of books, could have on people’s minds. He feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read, then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread. If that happened the authority of valuable literature would be destroyed.

1. Some of the earliest newspapers in India were started by the British, mainly for the British. During the course of the 19th century and later, however, a powerful Indian press grew, both in English and Indian languages.
2. With the growth of political consciousness and the beginning of political activities by Indians in later part of the 19th century, there was a great increase in the number of Indian newspapers and journals.
3. Some of the English newspapers which were owned by the British were supporters of the British rule, whereas most of the others, both in English and Indian languages, criticised the British rule.
4. The native newspapers voiced the grievances of the Indian people, made them aware of the happenings in different parts of the country and became a powerful instrument for mobilising the people.
5. So the British Government wanted to take measures to control them. Modelled on the Irish press laws, it passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular newspapers. When a report was judged as opposing the government, the newspaper was warned, and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized.

1. Print Culture and Women. The spread of print culture in nineteenth-century India enormously increased women’s reading in middle-class homes. Many journals began carrying articles by women and explained why women should be educated. They also carried a syllabus and attached suitable reading matter which could be used for home-based schooling. As a result, education among women was spread. Women began to write about their problems and experiences. Many women like Rashsundari Debi; Kailashbashini Debi, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour and treated unjustly by the very people they served. In fact, print culture proved helpful in the emancipation of women.
2. Print Culture and the Poor. A voice against the injustices being done to the poor and down-trodden was raised with the help of print culture. Issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays. Writers like Jyotiba Phule, B.R. Ambedkar and E.V. Ramaswamy wrote powerfully on caste discrimination and their writings were read by people all over India. Millworkers wrote to show the links between caste and class exploitation. All over India, they set up libraries to educate themselves. All this helped to uplift the poor.
3. Print Culture and Reformers. In nineteenth-century India, several evil customs and practices had become a part of the social system. Some prominent evils among them were Sati system, miserable condition of widows, infanticide, low status of women, child marriage, idolatry, purdah system, caste system, untouchability and Brahmanical priesthood. The social and religious reformers worked against these evils with the help of newspapers and magazines, etc., and advocated the principle of human dignity and social equality. Thus, the print media played a vital role in reforming the society.

DISCUSS

1. The cost of books was reduced. The time and labour required to produce each book came down, and multiple copies began to be produced with greater ease. As a result, books flooded the market, reaching out to an ever-growing readership.
2. Literacy rates went up in almost all countries of the world. Schools were set up even in villages, carrying literacy to peasants and artisans.
3. The periodical press developed, combining information about current affairs with entertainment. Newspapers and journals carried information about war and trade, as well as news of developments in other places.
4. The ideas of scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common people. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published, and maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed. When scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries, they could influence a much wider circle of scientifically minded readers. The writings of thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were also widely printed and read. Their ideas about science, reason and rationality revolutionised the minds of people.

1. Maharaja was a patronage of Sanskrit and Persian scholarships. He preserved a of collection of manuscripts.
2. Under him, Vidya Vilas Press was established in 1867 for printing the translated works of Sanskrit and Persian into Dogri.
3. Ranbir Press was also established and the Jammu and Kashmir Gazette was published for the first time in 1882. Books in different subjects were printed for free distribution to all scholars of the government schools.
4. Translated works of different fields facilitated the exchange of ideas among different sections of society.

1. The spread of print culture proved a blessing in disguise for poor people in nineteenth century India. It took up the cause of labourers and down-trodden. Issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays. Jyotiba Phule wrote about the injustices of the caste system.
2. Similarly, some writers wrote powerfully on caste and their writings were read by people all over India. Local protest movements and sects also brought out a lot of popular journals and tracts criticising ancient scriptures and envisioning a new and just future.
3. Some mill workers wrote to show the links between caste and class exploitation. Millworkers all over the country set up libraries to educate themselves.
4. Thus, the spread of print culture helped to restrict excessive drinking among the poor, to bring literacy, to give way to the shackles of caste system and to propagate the message of nationalism.

1. Print culture played a vital role in the growth of nationalism in India. Indian press criticised the British policies and put forward the Indian view-point. Newspapers like the Hindu, Bombay Samachar, Indian Mirror, Amrit Bazar Patrika and the Kesari had a great influence on Indian people.
2. They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. Attempts to rottle nationalist criticism provoked militant protest. This in turn led to a renewed cycle of persecution and protests.
3. Print culture changed the outlook of the Indians and they began to study and admire the contemporary national movements of European nations. They were able to study the evil effects of foreign rule. National literature in the form of novels, essays, plays and patriotic poetry urged the people to unite and work for national welfare. The writings of polictical philosophers like Rousseau, J.S. Mill, etc., enabled the Indians to understand the price of liberty and democracy. All these things prepared the people of India to launch a powerful national movement against the British.

1. Maharaja Hari Singh did not develop any rigid approach towards the freedom of press. Although he was bound by the treaties with the British regarding censorship, he always 2199 allowed the freedom of press.
2. He introduced the Press and Publications Act on April 25, 1932 which increased the publication of newspapers from both Srinagar and Jammu.
3. After this, many papers started publishing in the region such as Paswadn, Hamdard and Vitasta, Rebbar etc. by 1932.
4. Later on Sheikh Abudllah started a newspaper Khidmat. Then Rattan, Dogra Gazette and a Hindi weekly also started publishing.
5. He firmly believed that healthy criticism of the government policies can be a feedback for the administration. So, he tried to give freedom of expression all the times.

PROJECT

Fill in the blanks

True or False

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. By the mid-19th century, Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected the cylindrical press which was driven by power. It had the capacity of printing 8,000 sheets in an hour.
2. In late 19th century, the offset press was developed which could print up to six colours at a time.

Short Answer Type Questions

1. By the seventeenth century urban culture bloomed in China. It diversified the uses of print. Print was no longer used just by scholar-officials.
2. Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information. Reading increasingly became a leisure activity.
3. The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays.
4. Rich women began to read, and many women began publishing their poetry and plays. Wives of scholar-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives.

1. Kitagawa Utamaro was born in Edo in 1753. He was widely known for his contributions to an art form called ukiyo (pictures of the floating world) or depiction of ordinary human experiences, especially urban ones.
2. These prints travelled to contemporary the United States and Europe and influenced artists like Manet, Monet and Van Gogh.
3. Publishers like Tsutaya Juzaburo identified subjects and commissioned artists who drew the theme in outline. Then a skilled woodblock carver pasted the drawing on a woodblock and carved a printing block to reproduce the painter’s lines. In the process, the original drawing would be destroyed and only prints would survive.

1. As the demand for books increased, booksellers all over Europe began exporting books to many different countries. Book fairs were held at different places.
2. Production of handwritten manuscripts was also organised in new ways to meet the expanded demand.
3. Scribes or skilled handwriters were employed increasingly by booksellers. More than 50 scribes often worked for one bookseller.

1. Printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance and layout. The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles.
2. Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns, and illustrations were painted.
3. In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the printed page. Each purchaser could choose the design and decide on the painting school that would do the illustrations.

1. In the nineteenth century, the rate of literacy in most European countries was very low, so books could be read only by the literates.
2. To persuade the common people to welcome the printed book, publishers had to keep in mind the wider reach of the printed work; even those who did not read could certainly enjoy listening to books being read out.
3. So they began publishing popular ballads and folk tales, and such books would be profusely illustrated with pictures. These were then sung and recited at gatherings in villages and in taverns in towns.

1. Almanacs or ritual calendars, penny chapbooks, Bilotheque Bleue and the romances were new forms of popular literature appeared in print in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. These were little books of various sizes and served many different purposes and interests.
2. Booksellers employed pedlars who roamed around villages, carrying these little books for sale. There were almanacs or ritual calendars, along with ballads and folktales.
3. But other forms of reading matter, largely for entertainment, began to reach ordinary readers as well. In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars known as chapmen, and sold for a penny, so that even the poor could buy them.

1. By the late eighteenth century, the press came to be made out of metal.
2. By the mid-nineteenth century, Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected the powerdriven cylindrical press. This was capable of printing 8,000 sheets per hour. This press was particularly useful for printing newspapers.
3. In the late nineteenth century, the offset press was developed which could print upto six colours at a time.
4. From the turn of the twentieth century, electrically operated presses accelerated printing operations.
5. Methods of feeding paper improved, the quality of plates became better, automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls of the colour register were introduced. The accumulation of several individual mechanical improvements transformed the appearance of printed texts.

1. Printers and publishers continuously developed new strategies to sell their products. Nineteenth-century periodicals serialised important novels, which gave birth to a particular way of writing novels.
2. In the 1920s in England, popular works were sold in cheap series, called the Shilling Series. The dust cover or the book jacket is also a twentieth-century innovation.
3. With the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s, publishers feared a decline in book purchases. To sustain buying, they brought out cheap paperback editions.

1. From the early nineteenth century, there were intense debates about religious issues. Different groups confronted the changes happening within colonial society in different ways, ys, and offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religions.
2. Some criticised existing practices and campaigned for reform, while others countered the arguments of reformers. These debates were carried out in public and in print.
3. Printed tracts and newspapers spread the new ideas as well as shaped the nature of the debate. A wide public could now participate in these public discussions and express their views. New ideas emerged through these clashes of opinions.

1. In north India, the ulama feared that colonial rulers would encourage conversion and change the Muslim personal laws. To counter this, they used cheap lithographic presses, published Persian and Urdu translation of holy scriptures, and printed religious newspapers and tracts.
2. The Deoband Seminary, founded in 1867, published thousands upon thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday lives, and explaining the meanings of Islamic doctrines.
3. All through the nineteenth century, a number of Muslim sects and seminaries appeared, each with a different interpretation of faith, each keen on enlarging its following and countering the influence of its opponents. Urdu print helped them conduct these battles in public.

1. Among Hindus, print encouraged the reading of religious texts, especially in the vernacular languages. The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas, a sixteenthcentury text, came out from Calcutta in 1810.
2. By the mid-nineteenth century, cheap lithographic editions flooded north Indian markets. From the 1880s, the Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published numerous religious texts in vernaculars.
3. In their printed and portable form, these could be read easily by the faithful at any place and time. They could also be read out to large groups of illiterate men and women.

1. Undoubtedly, printing created an appetite for new kinds of writing in India. As more and more people could now read, they wanted to see their own lives, experiences, emotions and relationships reflected in what they read.
2. The novel, a literary form which had developed in Europe, ideally catered to this need. It soon acquired distinctively Indian forms and styles. For readers, it opened up new worlds of experience, and gave a vivid se of the diversity of human lives.
3. Other new literary forms also entered the world of reading. These were lyrics, short stories, essays about social and political matters. In different ways, they reinforced the new emphasis on human lives and intimate feelings, about the political and social rules that shaped such things.

1. Print culture was very much responsible in creating conditions for French Revolution. Print culture popularised the ideas of enlightened thinkers who gave critical commentary on traditions, superstitions and despotism.
2. They argued for the rule of reason instead by custom. Print also created a new culture of dialogue and debate.
3. Writings of thinkers like Voltaire, Rousseau, etc., created consciousness among the people that the ruler is despotic and rule of people should come instead of rule of the monarch.
4. People came to know about the idea of liberty, equality and fraternity after reading books and it became the main slogan of French Revolution. In this way, print culture created conditions for French Revolution.

1. The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878 on the lines of Irish Press laws. With this Act, the government got extensive rights to censor editorials and reports in the vernacular press.
2. After this, the government kept regular check on the vernacular newspapers which were used to publish in different parts of the country.
3. When any report was judged against the government, then the newspaper was warned. If the warning was ignored by the press, it was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. Collectively, their writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstitions and despotism. They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom, and demanded that everything be judged through the application of reason and rationality. They attacked the sacred authority of the Church and the despotic power of the state, thus eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely; and those who read these books saw the world through new eyes, eyes that were questioning, critical and rational.
2. Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of the power of reason, and recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs. Within this public culture, new ideas of social revolution came into being.
3. By the 1780s, there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality. In the process, it raised questions about the existing social order. Cartoons and caricatures typically suggested that the monarchy remained absorbed only in sensual pleasures while the common people suffered immense hardships. This literature was circulated underground and it led to the growth of hostile sentiments against monarchy.

1. As primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century, children became an important category of readers. Production of school textbooks became critical for the publishing industry. A children’s press, devoted to literature for children alone, was set up in France in 1857. This press published new works as well as old fairy tales and folk tales. The Grimm Brothers in Germany spent years compiling traditional folk tales gathered from peasants. What they collected was edited before the stories were published in a collection in 1812. Anything that was considered unsuitable for children or would appear vulgar to the elites, was not included in the published version. Rural folk tales thus acquired a new form. In this way, print recorded old tales but also changed them.
2. Women became important as readers as well as writers. Penny magazines were especially meant for women, as were manuals teaching proper behaviour and housekeeping. When novels began to be written in the nineteenth century, women were seen as important readers. Some of the best-known novelists were women : Jane Austen, the Bronte Sisters, George Eliot. Their writings became important in defining a new type of woman: a person with will, strength of personality, determination and the power to think.
3. Lending libraries had been in existence from the seventeenth century onwards. In the nineteenth century, lending libraries in England became instruments for educating whitecollar workers, artisans and lower-middle-class people. Sometimes, self-educated working class people wrote for themselves. After the working day was gradually shortened from the mid-nineteenth century, workers had some time for self-improvement and self-expression. They wrote political tracts and autobiographies in large numbers.

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