Post-Maurya/Pre-Gupta Period (185 BC-319 AD)
Post-Maurya/Pre-Gupta Period (185 BC-319 AD)
I. Native Successors of Mauryas Sunga Dynasty: 185 BC-73 BC [Capital-Vidisha (M.P.)]
⇒ Sunga Dynasty was established by Pushyamitra Sunga, a Brahmin Commander-in-Chief of the last Mauryan ruler named Brihadratha in 185 BC.
⇒ Pushyamitra was a staunch adherent of orthodox Hinduism. However, the great Buddhist stupa at Bharhut (in M.P.) was built during the reign of Sungas.
⇒ Pushyamitra was succeeded by his son Agnimitra, the hero of Kalidasa’s drama ‘Malvikagnimitra’.
⇒ After Agnimitra, a series of weak rulers such as Vasumitra, Vajramitra, Bhagabhadra, Devabhuti, followed, leading to the decline of the dynasty.
⇒ During their rule there was a revival of Brahminical influence. The Bhagavata religion became important.
⇒ Patanjali, author of the ‘Mahabhasya’, was born at Gonarda in Central India. Patanjali was the priest of 2 Asvamedha Yajnas, performed by Pushymitra Sunga.
⇒ In arts, the Bharhut Stupa is the most famous monument of the Sunga period.
⇒ The fine gateway railing which surrounds the Sanchi stupa, built by Ashoka, was constructed during the Sunga period.
⇒ Other examples of Sunga Art: Vihar, Chaitya and Stupa of Bhaja (Poona), Amaravati Stupa, Nasika Chaitya etc.
Kanva Dynasty: 73 BC-28 BC [Capital – Patliputra]
⇒ In 73 BC, Devabhuti, the last ruler of the Sunga dynasty, was murdered by his minister Vasudeva, who usurped the throne and founded the Kanva dynasty.
⇒ The period of Kanva rule came to an end in 28 BC.
Satavahana Dynasty: 60 BC-225 AD [Capital – Pratishtana/Paithan (Maharashtra)]
⇒ The most important of the native successors of the Mauryas in the Deccan and Central India were the Satvahanas.
⇒ The Satvahanas are considered to be identical with the Andhras who were mentioned in the Puranas.
⇒ The early Satvahana kings appeared not in Andhra but in Maharashtra where most of their early inscriptions have been found.
⇒ Simuka (60 BC-37 BC) was the founder of the Satvahana dynasty.
⇒ Satakarni I, its 3rd ruler, raised its power and prestige through conquests.
⇒ Hala, its 17th ruler was the author of ‘Gathasaptasati’ or, ‘Sattasai’ in Prakrit. Gunadhya, the author of ‘Vrihat Katha’ (in Prakrit) was the contemporary of Hala.
⇒ It was Gautamiputra Satakarni (106-130 AD) who revived the Satavahana power and defeated the Saka Ksatrap Nahapana. He was the greatest Satavahan ruler (23rd Satavahana ruler).
⇒ Vasishthiputra Sri Satakarni, its 24th ruler was married to the daughter of Saka Kstrapa Rudradaman, but defeated by him twice.
⇒ Yajna Sri Satakarni, its 27th ruler was the dynasty’s last great ruler.
⇒ Pulamavi IV, its 30th ruler was the last Satavahana ruler.
⇒ Satavahanas were finally succeeded by the Ikshvakus in 3rd Century AD.
⇒ Satavahanas started the practice of donating land with fiscal and administrative immunities to Brahmanas and Buddhist monks, which eventually weakened their authority. The earliest inscriptional evidence of land grant in India belongs to 1st century BC.
⇒ Under the Satavahanas, many Chaityas (worship halls) and Viharas (monasteries) were cut out from rocks mainly in North-West Deccan or Maharashtra. The famous examples were Nasik, Kanheri and Karle.
⇒ Stupas (large round structure erected over a sacred relic) were seen scattered all around Ellora. The most famous of these attributed to the Satavahana period are Amravati (a sculptural treasure house) and Nagarjunakonda.
⇒ The official language of the Satavahanas was Prakrit.
⇒ The Satavahanas issued their coins in lead (mainly), copper, bronze and potin.
Cheti/Chedi Dynasty of Kalinga
⇒ The history of Kalinga after the death of Ashoka is shrouded in obscurity. A new dynasty, known as the Cheti or Chedi dynasty, rose in the region probably in the 1st century BC.
⇒ Our information about this dynasty is derived solely from the Hathigumpha inscription (near Bhubaneshwar, Orissa) of Kharavela, the 3rd ruler of dynasty.
⇒ A follower of Jainism, Kharavela was a liberal patron of Jain monks for whose residence he constructed caves on the Udayagiri hill, near Bhubaneshwar in Orissa.
II. Foreign Successors of Mauryas
The Indo-Greeks: 2nd Century BC
⇒ The Indo-Greeks (Bacterian Greeks)were the first foreign rulers of North-Western India in the Post-Maurya period.
⇒ The most famous Indo-Greek ruler was Menander (165 BC-145 BC), also known as Milinda. He was converted to Buddhism by Nagasena or Nagarjuna.
⇒ The Indo-Greek rule is important in the history of India because of the large number of coins which they issued.
⇒ The Indo-Greeks were the first rulers in India to issue coins which can definitely be attributed to the kings.
⇒ They were the first to issue gold coins.
⇒ They introduced Hellenic i.e. Greek features in art giving rise to Gandhar school in the North-Western India.
The Sakas : 1st Century BC-4th Century AD
⇒ The Sakas, also known as Scythians, replaced the IndoGreeks in India.
⇒ Among the five branches of Sakas with their seats of power in different parts of India, the most important was the one which ruled in Western India till the 4th Century AD.
⇒ The most famous Saka ruler in India was Rudradaman (130 AD-150 AD). He is famous not only for his military conquests (particularly against the Satavahanas) but also for his public works (he repaired the famous Sudarsan Lake of the Mauryan period to irrigate the dry region of Saurashtra.) and his patronage of Sanskrit (he issued the first-ever long inscription in chaste Sanskrit).
⇒ Other important Saka ruler in India were Nahapana, Ushavadeva, Ghamatika, Chashtana etc.
⇒ In about 58 BC a king of Ujjain – Vikramaditya – is supposed to have fought effectively against the Sakas. An era called Vikrama Samvat is reckoned from 58 BC.
The Parthians : 1st Century BC-1st Century AD in Iran.
⇒ Originally the Parthians (Pahlavas) lived They replaced the Sakas in North-Western India, but controlled an area much smaller than the Sakas.
⇒ The most famous Parthian king was Gondaphernes during whose reign St. Thomas is said to have come to India for the propagation of Christianity.
The Kushans : 1st Century AD-3rd Century AD
⇒ The Kushans were one of the five Yeuchi clans of Central Asia.
⇒ They replaced the Parthians in North-Western India and then expanded to the lower Indus basin and the upper and middle Gangetic basin.
⇒ The first Kushan dynasty was founded by Kadphises I/ Kujul Kadphises. The second king was Kadphises II/ Vema Kadphises who issued gold coins.
⇒ According to Rabatak inscription (Rabatak village, Baglan province, Afghanistan) Kanishka was the son of Vema Kadphises. Kanishka extended the Kushan power over upper India. His capitals were at Peshawar (Purushapura) and Mathura.
⇒ The most famous Kushan ruler was Kanishka (78 AD101 AD), also known as ‘Second Ashoka’. He started an era in 78 AD which is now known as the Saka era and is used by the Government of India.
⇒ Kanishka was a great patron of Mahayana Buddhism. In his reign the 4th Buddhist council was held in Kundalavana, Kashmir where the doctrines of the Mahayana form of Buddhism were finalised.
⇒ The last great Kushan ruler was Vasudeva I.
⇒ The Kushans controlled the famous silk route starting from China, passing through their empire on to Iran and Western Asia. This route was a source of great income to the Kushans.
⇒ The Kushans were the first rulers in India to issue gold coins on a wide scale.
⇒ In the royal court of Kanishka a host of scholars found patronage. Parsva, Vasumitra, Asvaghosha, Nagarjuna, Charak and Mathara were some of them.
⇒ In 46-47 AD, Hippalus, a greek sailor, discovered the monsoon sea-route to India from West Asia.
⇒ Important ports: Barygaza (Bharoch) and Barbairicum (Western Coast); Aricamedu (Podeku-according to Periplus’)-near Pandicheri-Eastern Coast.
⇒ ‘Bullion was flowing out of Rome to India’-Pliny.
⇒ ‘Geographica’-Strabo, ‘Geography’-Ptolemy, ‘Natural History’-Pliny, ‘Periplus of the Erithryan Sea’-Unknown.
⇒ India had contacts with Central Asia, China, GraceoRoman World and South-East Asia.
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