What are the different means by which infectious diseases are spread?

Q. What are the different means by which infectious diseases are spread? 
Ans. The various means by which the infectious diseases get spread:
  1. Through air: This occurs through the little droplets thrown out by an infected person who sneezes or coughs. Someone standing closeby can breathe in these droplets, and the microbes get a chance to start a new infection. Examples of such diseases which spread through the air are the common cold, pneumonia and tuberculosis.
  2. Through water: This occurs if the excreta from someone suffering from an infectious gut disease, such as cholera, get mixed with the drinking water used by people living nearby. The cholera-causing microbes will enter new hosts through the water they drink and cause disease in them. Such diseases are much more likely to spread in the absence of safe supplies of drinking water.
  3. Through sexual contact: Microbial diseases such as syphilis or AIDS are transmitted by sexual contact from one partner to the other. Other than the sexual contact, the AIDS virus can also spread through blood-to-blood contact with infected people or from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy or through breast feeding.
  4. Through vectors: There are certain animals which carry the infecting agents from a sick person to another potential host. These animals are thus the intermediaries and are called vectors. The commonest vectors are the mosquitoes which spread malaria. In many species of mosquitoes, the females anopheles need highly nutritious food in the form of blood in order to be able to lay mature eggs.

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